![](data:image/png;base64,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Métodos de propagação e fatores que interferem na germinação das principais gramíneas nativas de Cerrado
Características gerais e principais gramíneas nativas
de
Cerrado
e cerradão). Outras características interessantes são que todas
essas 13 espécies são resistentes ao fogo, porém essa
resistência não é igual para todas elas (Filgueira, 1992). Já
na área do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, localizado na porção sul
da Serra do Espinhaço, sendo uma das áreas mais ricas em
biodiversidade e espécies endêmicas do Estado de Minas
Gerais (Brasil) as principais espé- cies de gramíneas nativas
encontradas são: Andropogon bicornis, Andropogon
leucostachyus, Apochloa euprepes, Cyathea brownii,
Echinolaena inflexa e Setaria parviflora (Figueiredo et al.,
2012).
As gramíneas (família: Poaceae) configuram uma
das maiores famílias de angiospermas com uma grande
importância ecológica e econômica devido à agricultura e
pecuária. São encontradas em praticamente todos os
habitats
existentes, prevalecendo na vegetação terrestre, cobrindo
aproximadamente 30% da superfície emersa da
Terra. O
hábito e os ciclos reprodutivos são caracterís- ticas
morfológicas destas plantas que contribuem para o sucesso
da família Poaceae, por exemplo: os meriste- mas
intercalares, bainhas protetoras nas folhas e colmos conferem
uma grande tolerância a ataque de insetos, fogo e
alagamento. Outras características como a vasta distribuição
espacial, ciclos reprodutivos relativamente curtos, produção
em massa de sementes e capacidade de reproduzir
assexuadamente são fatores dominan- tes para o
estabelecimento desta família de plantas. É interessante
ressaltar que as gramíneas são utilizadas pelo homem desde
a antiguidade, e atualmente além de grande interesse
econômico as gramíneas possuem alta importância ecológica
em comunidades naturais, sendo
relevante tanto na fixação e
estruturação dos solos quanto
nas interações com a fauna
silvestre (Hodkinson, 2018; Silva; Haridasan, 2007).
Métodos de propagação de gramíneas nativas de
Cerrado
As duas principais formas de propagação de
gramíneas nativas de cerrado são propagação via semen-
tes e
a propagação vegetativa. No entanto, existe uma
escassez de
informações sobre a germinação de sementes
de gramíneas
nativas do cerrado, provavelmente devido ao sucesso da
propagação vegetativa (Zaidan; Carreira,
2008). Algumas
gramíneas nativas de Cerrado têm grande
potencial para serem
usadas como vegetação pioneira na recuperação de áreas
degradadas, como as espécies:
Andropogon bicornis L.,
Andropogon leucostachyus Kunth, Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.)
Chase, Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguelen e Apochloa
euprepes (Renvoize) Morrone & Zu- loaga, que apresentam
como características a morfologia
e fisiologia que lhes
permitem sobreviver em ambientes
hostis, fazendo dessas
espécies boas gramíneas para serem
utilizadas na reabilitação
de áreas de Cerrado (Jacobi et al., 2008). Outra espécie
importante é a Cenchrus bro- wnii Roem & Schult que é
uma erva nativa com ampla distribuição nas regiões da
América Central e América do Sul, indicando uma boa
capacidade de espalhamento em ambientes perturbados
(Figueiredo et al., 2012).
Segundo estudo do Centro de Pesquisas Agro-
pecuária do Cerrado (CPAC), da Embrapa, mostrando a
detecção de espécies de gramíneas nativas mais selecio-
nadas por bovinos desde a década de 1980, as espécies
detectadas foram: Axonopus berbigerus (Kunth) Hitch, A.
marginatus (Trin) Chase, Digitaria Sacchariflora (Raddi)
Henr, Echinolaena inflexa (Poir) Chase (capim-flechinha),
Mesostum loliforme (Hotch) Chase, Paspalum erianthum
Ness (capim-branco) (Silva; Almeida, 1986). As principais
espécies de gramíneas nativas relatadas encontradas no
Cerrado são: Andropogon leucostachyus Kunth, Aristida
riparia Trin, Aristida recurvata Kunth, Aristida setifolia
Kunth, Aristida torta (Nees) Kunth, Axonopus barbigerus
(Kunth) Hitch., Axonpus brasiliensis Kuhlm., Ctenium cha-
padense (Trin.) Doell, Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase,
Gymnopogon spicatus (Spreng.) Kuntze, Paspalum cari-
natum Humb., Paspalum gardnerianum Nees, Paspalum
reduncum Nees, Paspalum stellatum Humb. e Bonpl. ex
Fluggé, Paspalum trachycoleon Steud., Schizachyrium
microstachyum (Ham.) Roseng, Thrasya glaziouvii AG
Burman e Tristachya leiostachya Nees (Barbosa et al.,
2016; Machado et al., 2013; Carmona et al., 1999).
Propagação de sementes de gramíneas nativas de
Cerrado
em laboratório e campo
Devido as limitações da propagação vegetativa
de
gramíneas nativas, sempre que possível é preferível se
fazer a
propagação por sementes. As espécies de gramí- neas
nativas apresentam várias vantagens em relação a outras
espécies introduzidas, como rapidez de desenvol- vimento,
manutenção da flora e fauna nativas e grande adaptação às
condições edafoclimáticas locais. Devido a rápida expansão
da agricultura no Cerrado, existe um
grande risco de extinção
de várias espécies de gramíneas
nativas levando a
necessidade da conservação desse germoplasma. Com isso
estudos sobre as características das sementes de gramíneas
nativas são de grande rele- vância, ajudando a entender suas
respostas funcionais às condições ambientais, como
também para manejar as diferentes espécies com vistas à
sua manutenção e eventual eliminação do pasto nativo
(Kolb et al., 2016; Carmona et al., 1999).
Somente no Distrito Federal foram detectadas 132
espécies de gramíneas nativas, sendo 13 destacadas com alto
valor forrageiro, são elas: Actinocladum vericillarum, Agenium
goyazense, Arthropogon villosus, Axonopus aureus, Axonopus
chrysoblepharis, Axonopus marginarus, Achino- laena inflexa,
Mesosetum loliiforme, Paspalum erianthum,
Paspahum
gardnerianum, Paspalum splendens, Setaria
geniculata e
Schizachyrium tenerum. Sendo todas estas 13 espécies perenes,
encontradas em habitats abertos (campo
sujo, campo limpo e
brejo) e formações florestais (matas
A propagação de espécies de gramíneas nativas de
cerrado: Andropogon bicornis L., Andropogon leucostachyus
Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 12, p. 01–08, 2020. e-ISSN: 2447-6218 / ISSN: 1984-6738