Vegetable pigments in sorghum-based diets for laying hens
Donaldo Antônio Nunes Junior
1
; Heder José D’Avila Lima
2
; Jean Kaique Valentim
3
*; Laura Aline Zanelatto de Souza
4
; Nayara
Emanoelle Matos e Silva
5
; Ana Carolina da Silva Martins
6
, Tatiana Marques Bittencourt
7
,
Janaína Palermo Mendes8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2020.24309
Abstract
The main objective of this research is to evaluate the inclusion of different natural pigment solutions in diets formula- ted with
maize and sorghum solutions on the growth performance and egg quality of commercial laying hens created in hot climates.
Throughout the conduction of this experiment, were used 252 laying hens of the Hisex Brow, in a completely randomized
design, with six treatments, seven repetitions, and six birds per plot. The experimental diets
were assigned with different energy
sources and adding pigmentation solutions, diet 1 (corn), diet 2 (corn + annatto),
diet 3 (corn + carrot), diet 4 (sorghum), diet 5
(sorghum + annatto), diet 6 (sorghum + Carrot). Afterward, being evaluated the performance and quality of eggs. It was
observed significant difference with reference t egg production, egg weight (g), gem weight (g), the weight of shell (g), albumin
in weight (g), and gem coloration (tons) among the treatments. There was no difference in the parameters of performance and
quality of eggs evaluated, only the variable yolk color had a significant effect between treatments. Replacing the energy source
of the corn diet with sorghum in the diet of laying hens at peak production provides similar performance and egg quality,
which can be a substitute for quality and efficiency. The use of annatto and carrots as a natural pigmentation promotes greater
pigmentation of the egg yolks of laying Hisex Brown eggs and does not impair the performance of the birds.
Keywords:
Annatto. Carrot. Egg Yolk. Plant extracts. Poultry Science.
Pigmentantes vegetais em dietas à base de sorgo para galinhas poedeiras
Resumo
O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a inclusão de diferentes fontes pigmentantes naturais em dietas formu- ladas a
base de milho e sorgo sobre o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras comerciais criadas em clima
quente. Ao longo da condução deste experimento, foram utilizadas 252 poedeiras da linhagem Hisex Brow, distribuídas em
um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, sete repetições e seis
1Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, MT. Brasil.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0365-9287
2Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri. Diamantina, MG. Brasil.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8360-8227
3Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Dourados, MS. Brasil.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-4149
4Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, MT. Brasil.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-5331
5Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, MT. Brasil.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-9032
6Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, MT. Brasil.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3177-3642
7Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, MT. Brasil.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-2039
8Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Dourados, MS. Brasil.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7860-0933
*Autor para correspondência: kaique.tim@hotmail.com
Recebido para publicação em 26 de Julho de 2020. Aceito para publicação 25 de Outubro de 2020.
e-ISSN: 2447-6218 /
ISSN: 2447-6218. Atribuição CC BY.
CADERNO DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS
Agrarian Sciences Journal
2
Nunes Junior, D. A. et al.
aves por parcela. Foram utilizadas diferentes fontes energéticas com adição de dois pigmentantes naturais, dieta 1 (milho),
dieta 2 (milho + urucum), dieta 3 (milho + cenoura), dieta 4 (sorgo), dieta 5 (sorgo + urucum), dieta 6 (Sorgo + Cenoura).
Posteriormente, foram avaliados o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos. Foi observada diferença significativa com relação à
produção de ovos de referência, peso do ovo (g), peso da gema (g), peso da casca (g), peso da albumina (g) e coloração da
gema entre os tratamentos. Não houve diferença nos parâmetros de desempe- nho e qualidade dos ovos avaliados, apenas a
variável cor da gema teve efeito significativo entre os tratamentos. A substituição da fonte de energia da dieta de milho por
sorgo na dieta de poedeiras em pico de produção proporciona desempenho e qualidade do ovo semelhantes, o que pode ser um
substituto para qualidade e eficiência. O uso de urucum e cenoura como pigmentação natural promove maior pigmentação
das gemas de ovos de postura dos ovos Hisex Brown e não prejudica o desempenho das aves.
Palavras-chave:
Cenoura. Ciência Avícola. Extratos de plantas. Urucum. Gema de ovo.
Introduction
In the current scenario poultry farming stands
out
as one of the largest markets to be explored in Brazil,
both for
its export value and domestic consumption. To
leverage this
growth, measures that encourage consumers to consume eggs
are essential. In poultry food, the use of
additives and by-
products is responsible for significant gains in productivity
in the sector (Araújo et al., 2007).
Material and methods
The experiment was carried out in the Poultry
Sector of the Experimental Farm of the Federal Univer- sity
of Mato Grosso, located in the municipality of Santo Antônio
de Leverger – MT. The experimental shed used was
masonry, with a right foot height of 3.5m, ceramic tile roof,
side, and central concreted flooring, sidewalls with external
protection of steel screen, and equipped with fans and
lamps.
The supplementation of pigments in diets for
commercial laying hens formulated with sorghum is done
seeking to improve the pigmentation of egg yolk, being an
important tool to adjust this coloration to be similar and / or
superior when using corn-based diets (Mendonça et al.,
2018).
A totalizes of the 252 laying hens of the lineage
Hisex Brown lineage was used, 25 weeks old, the initial
weight of 1.566 ± 0.180 (Kg), and production rate of 88
± 5%. The laying hens were distributed in an experimental
design entirely randomized, consisting of six diets and
seven replicates, with six laying hens each. The lighting
program adopted was 16 hours of daylight.
To favor this niche market, the poultry industry
uses
products to increase the coloring of the yolks of these eggs,
through the addition of carotenoid compounds that
are
abundantly found in nature, such as those present in the corn
itself, main input in poultry rations (Bazaka et al., 2016).
The color of the egg yolk is given through the
deposition of
xanthophylls, carotenoid pigments derived from the feed of the
birds (Marounek et al., 2018). There are several foods with
high concentrations of carotenoids, such as corn and millet,
among others, but there are also
foods with low
concentrations of carotenoids, such as sorghum (Fayeye et
al., 2019).
Galvanized wire cages with dimensions of 100cm x
40cm were used, containing 3 breakdowns of 33.3cm x 40cm,
housing two laying hens per distribution, providing an area of
800cm²/bird, arranged in stairs, equipped with
a gutter feeder
and nipple drinker, in the disposal of a drinking fountain for
two laying hens.
The mean air temperature in the experimental
period was 32.4 ± 2.88°c and the relative humidity was 61 ±
18.9%. The nutritional requirements used for the
formulation of poultry feed and the chemical composi- tion
and nutritional values of the ingredients used for the
formulation of the rations were those described by
Rostagno et al. (2017). The centesimal composition of
foods used as a source of natural pigments and energy in
diets for laying hens are presented in Table 1.
According to Valentim et al. (2019) the subs-
titution of synthetic pigments by natural pigments can be a
viable alternative in laying poultry, as it does not affect the
productive performance of laying hens. Due to health risks
and their cost, artificial pigments are being
less used,
favoring the use of natural substances (Pereira
et al., 2016).
Five isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental
diets were formulated based on corn, sorgo, and soybean
meal
with inclusion levels of equal pigments, but from different
sources (annatto and carrot flour), 0.5% level of inclusion in
the diet according to the table 2.
Thus, the objective of this research is to analyze the
inclusion of different natural pigments in corn-based diets and
sorgo on zootechnical performance and the
quality of
commercial laying hen eggs during peak laying.
Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 12, p. 01–06, https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2020.24309
3
Vegetable pigments in sorghum-based diets for laying hens
Table 1 – Centesimal composition of food
Moisture
(%)
Metabolizable
Energy (Kcal)
Crude Pro-
tein(g)
Lipids
(g)
Carbohydrates
(g)
Raw Fi-
ber (g)
Ashes
(g)
Food
Annatto
Carrot
Corn
Sorghum
5.32
90.01
11.57
10.21
3484
3400
3925
3928
10.87
1.30
7.20
11.71
17.09
0.20
1.95
3.47
60.40
7.75
78.98
61.2
3.57
3.22
4.73
11.4
2.75
0.90
0.61
1.53
Source-Table of Brazilian food composition (2011).
Table 2 – Percentage and calculated composition of experimental diets based on natural matter.
Corn
+
Annatto
Corn
+
Carrot
Sorghum
+
Annatto
Sorghum
+
Carrot
Ingredients (%)
Corn
Sorghum
Ground corn %
Sorghum %
Starch % Soybean
Meal % Core %
Dicalcium phosphate %
Limestone %
Common salt %
Soybean oil %
Carrot flour %
Annatto %
62.0
-
0.5
25.0
1.5
7.6
1.1
0.5
1.8
-
0.0
61.3
-
0.70
25.0
1.5
7.6
1.1
0.5
1.8
-
0.5
61.25
-
0.75
25.0
1.5
7.6
1.1
0.5
1.8
0.5
-
-
61.6
1.9
24.0
1.5
7.6
1.1
0.5
1.8
-
-
-
61.1
1.9
24.0
1.5
7.6
1.1
0.5
1.8
-
0.5
-
60.9
2.0
24.10
1.5
7.6
1.1
0.5
1.8
0.5
-
Calculated Nutritional Composition
Metabolizable energy (Kcal/Kg)
Crude protein %
Calcium %
Match available %
Sodium %
Digestible Lysine %
Digestible Methionine %
Methionine Cystine %
Digestible Threoin %
Tryptophan %
2900
16.02
3.90
0.291
0.218
0.777
0.389
0.707
0.591
0.179
2900
16.02
3.90
0.291
0.218
0.777
0.389
0.707
0.591
0.179
2900
16.02
3.90
0.291
0.218
0.777
0.389
0.707
0.591
0.179
2900
16.02
3.90
0.291
0.218
0.777
0.389
0.707
0.591
0.179
2900
16.02
3.90
0.291
0.218
0.777
0.389
0.707
0.591
0.179
2900
16.02
3.90
0.291
0.218
0.777
0.389
0.707
0.591
0.179
Guarantee levels per kg of core, Calcium (max) 210g, Calcium (min) 170g, Phosphorus (min) 45g, Methionine (min) 10g. Vitamin A (min) 140,000 U.I.,Vitamin
D3 (min) 35,000 U.I.,Vitamin E (min) 140 U.I., Thiamine (B1) (min) 10 mg, Riboflavin (B2) (min) 75 mg, Pyridoxine (B6) (min) 20 mg, Vitamin B12 (min)
120 mcg, Vitamin K3 (mini) 30 mg, Folic Acid (min) 6 Mg , Niacin (mini) 300 mg, Calcium Pantothenate (min) 120 mg, Choline (min) 5000 mg, Sodium
(min) 30g, Manganese (min) 1600 mg, Zinc (min) 1300 mg, Copper (min) 160 mg, Iron (min) 630 mg, Iodo (min) 20 mg, Selenium (min) 6 mg, Phytase (min)
10,000 FTU and Zinc Bacitracin 500 Mg.
The experiment was carried out in 3 periods of 21
days, totaling 63 days, the diet consumption was calcula-
ted by the difference between the quantity provided and the
leftovers, correcting possible mortality in the plots.
Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 12, p. 01–06, https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2020.24309
4
Nunes Junior, D. A. et al.
The eggs were collected daily in the afternoon and the
average egg production was obtained by computing the
number of eggs produced, including broken, cracked, and
abnormal ones and was expressed as a percentage,
on the
average laying hens of the period (egg/bird/day).
by dozen eggs, expressed by the total feed intake in kilo-
grams divided by the dozens of eggs produced (Kg/DZ). All
laying hens were weighed at the beginning and end of the
experiment to determine body weight variation. The
specific severity was determined by the saline fluc-
tuation
method, according to the methodology described
by Hamilton
(1982).
All healthy eggs produced during the three ex-
perimental days, in each repetition were weighed in the
precision scale of 0.01g and the total weight obtained
was
divided by the number of eggs used in the weighing,
obtaining
the average weight of the eggs.
The specific severity of all healthy eggs collected was
evaluated. The eggs were immersed in NaCl solution
with
density ranging from 1.070 to 1.1000g/cm³, with intervals
of 0.005g/cm³ between them. The density of
the solutions
was measured with the aid of an INCOTER-
M-OM-5565
model densimeter.
To evaluate the egg components, the weights of
the yolk, shell, and albumen were analyzed about egg
weight and yolk staining. For this, in each period of
analysis,
3 eggs of each experimental unit were randomly used. The
eggs were weighed individually in scale swings
with an
accuracy of 0.01g. The yolk of each egg was
weighed and
recorded using the digital photography me-
thod and
colorimetric range DSM 14 tones, which varies between
opaque yellow and intense orange, the higher the value
obtained in the fan, the higher the degree of yolk
pigmentation. Their respective shells were washed and dried
into the air for two days to obtain the weight of the bark.
The data obtained were analyzed using the Sta-
tistical Analysis System (SAS, 2012) statistical package, and
the normality of the residues was verified using the Shapiro-
Wilk test and the variances compared by the Levenes Test.
Subsequently, the data were submitted to
variance analysis by
the Mixed procedure (PROC MIXED)
using the Tukey test at
the level of 5% significance.
Results and Discussion
No significant effect (p<0.05) was observed on
feed
intake, egg production, and feed conversion by mass
and by
dozen of laying hens as a function of diets (Table 3).
The weight of the album was obtained by subtrac-
ting
from the weight of the egg, the weight of the yolk, and that
of the shell. Food conversions were evaluated
Table 3 – Performance of laying hens fed different natural pigments in two energy sources
Corn
+
Annatto
Corn
+
Carrot
Sorghum
+
Annatto
Sorghum
+
Carrot
Parameters
Corn
Sorghum
CV (%)
P-value
Feed consumption
(g/bird/day)
Egg production (%)
Feed conversion by
mass
Feed conversion per
dozen
Viability of laying
hens (%)
85.08
86.15
84.82
82.25
83.28
82.79
7.50
0.087
88.87
89.78
90.14
89.78
90.73
88.25
9.25
0.0589
2.17
2.21
2.28
2.32
2.22
2.17
7.89
0.0996
1.89
1.98
1.95
2.01
1.97
2.02
8.21
0.145
98
100
100
99
100
99
0
0.189
Media followed by the same letter in the line do not differ from each other at the level of 5% significance by the Tukey test (p<0.05). CV: Coefficient of Variation.
As reported by Botelho et al., (2017) it is possible
to
completely replace corn with low tannin sorghum in
the diet
of commercial laying hens without interfering in
the
productive characteristics of zootechnical performan- ce. The
use of alternative ingredients to corn in feed, in addition to a
need to reduce costs in egg production, is an opportunity to
find other energy sources that replace corn, without harming
animal performance (Bittencourt et al., 2019).
This fact can be explained by the nutritional
composition of the ingredients tested, and due to the diets
used to be isonutritive, with this, the laying hens
presented
similar zootechnical performance. Molino et al. (2012)
working with annatto in diets based on sorgo and
soybean
meal, also found no effects on the consumption of laying
hens from the Hisex Brown lineage. On the other hand,
Queiroz et al. (2010) observed a difference in feed intake
when the amount of pigmented inclusion exceeded 6% in the
sorgo-based diet.
Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 12, p. 01–06, https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2020.24309
5
Vegetable pigments in sorghum-based diets for laying hens
Valentim et al. (2019) and Boka et al. (2014)
found that plant extracts have a positive effect because of its
antioxidant activity which improves nutrient di- gestibility
and stimulates enzyme secretion, helping to preserve
intestine microbiota, impacting on better feed conversion,
production and egg’s internal quality.
sorgo in place of corn. Moreno et al. (2007), evaluating the
partial and total replacement of corn by sorgo in laying hen
diets, observed that the substitution caused a decrease in
production, which differs from the result found in the
present study.
The color of the egg yolk showed differences
between treatments (p <0.05), the other variables did not
show differences between the means, as shown in table 4.
Analyzing the data for egg production, no signi-
ficant difference was observed in diets, and productivity
values indicated a higher production with diets containing
Table 4 – Quality of laying bird eggs fed different natural pigments in two energy sources
Corn
+
Annatto
Corn
+
Carrot
Sorghum
+
Annatto
Sorghum
+
Carrot
Sor-
ghum
CV
(%)
Parameters
Corn
P-value
Egg weight (g)
Specific gravity (g/cm³)
Yolk weight (g)
Hull weight (g)
Weight of albumen (g)
Yolk pigmentation
50.29
1.092
12.21
4.98
33.54
5.29b
51.48
1.090
12.87
4.76
32.11
6.78a
51.25
1.091
12.25
5.01
33.52
6.11a
51.55
1.091
12.80
4.99
31.14
3.08c
50.59
1.092
12.12
4.55
30.45
1.45
50.78
1.090
12.57
4.89
32.80
3.01c
8.25
2.48
7.47
10.1
2.54
8.78
0.256
0.478
0.087
0.078
0.066
0.014
Media followed by the same letter in the line do not differ from each other at the level of 5% significance by the Tukey test (p<0.05). CV: Coefficient of Variation.
There was no difference in the parameters of per-
formance and quality of eggs evaluated, only the variable
yolk
color had a significant effect between treatments.
replaced by sorgo and report that to obtain similarity in
staining it was necessary to include approximately 3.77%
of
annatto in a diet containing sorgo as the main source of
energy. Sorghum in laying diets can have advantages, as it is
sold at a price of around 80% of the price of corn,
despite the
nutritional differences between them (Fassani
et al., 2019).
Therefore, the replacement of corn with low
tannin
sorghum in the diet of laying hens in peak produc-
tion does
not affect the performance and quality of eggs, which may be
a substitute source in poultry production. However, sorghum
without pigmentation supplementa- tion provides a smaller
yolk color. Thus, the addition of natural pigment sources is
indicated in the diet, due to consumer preference for more
vibrant colored eggs.
Englmaierová et al. (2014) mentioned that syn-
thetic pigments are used because of its coloring effect of yolk
but the use should be limited. Natural alternatives
give the
same coloring result when choosing eggs, without
hurting egg
quality and human health.
Adding plant extracts pigments in quails’ feed did
not change egg quality but improves yolk color due to the
higher deposition of carotenoid pigments (Va- lentim et al.,
2020). What may be correlated with egg weight, which was
also higher in these same treatments. Moreno et al. (2007),
found a significant difference for yolk weight when the
replacement of the corn and sorgo energy source was 100%.
Moraleco et al. (2019) Regarding egg and shell
weight as well as shell percentage there were no signi-
ficant effects (p > 0.05), these results are in agreement with
those reported by Galobart et al. (2004), which suggested
that natural extracts do not influence animal performance
and the quality of the eggs. Moura et al.
(2011)
demonstrated the ability of pigmentation of these
additives
while working with the inclusion of natural pigments in the
sorghum-based diet fed to Japanese quail and observed
incremental potentializing of the color evaluated using a
colorimetric score.
When the yolk staining was evaluated, a sig-
nificant difference was observed, and diet 2 (Corn +
Annatto) provided pigmentation greater than the others,
according to observation through the colorimetric ran- ge.
The largest discrepancy was verified between diets 1 (corn),
2 (Corn + Annatto), 3 (Corn + Carrot) when compared with
diets 4 (Sorgo), 5 (Sorgo + Annatto),
and 6 (Sorgo + Carrot),
due to total corn replacement by
sorgo. These results
corroborate Braz et al. (2007), who
found a significant
difference when corn was completely
The addition of pigmented plant extracts was not
able
to change the internal and external quality of the
eggs,
however there was an improvement in the yolk color
due to the
higher deposition of pigmenting carotenoids.
Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 12, p. 01–06, https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2020.24309
6
Nunes Junior, D. A. et al.
Conclusion
Brown eggs and does not impair the performance of the
birds.
Replacing the energy source of the corn diet with
sorghum in the diet of laying hens at peak production
provides similar performance and egg quality, which can be
a substitute for quality and efficiency. The use of annatto and
carrots as a natural pigmentation promotes greater
pigmentation of the egg yolks of laying Hisex
Ethics Committee approval
The project was submitted, analyzed, and appro- ved
by the ethics committee in the use of animals (CEUA),
filed
under number 23108.092960/ 2015-80.
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