![](data:image/png;base64,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As discussões resultantes da interação entre as
atividades humanas e o meio ambiente tornaram-se in-
tensas nos últimos anos, gerando preocupações junto às
questões ambientais, econômicas e sociais, presentes e
futuras. A exploração inadequada dos recursos naturais é a
maior preocupação, principalmente quando se refe- re às
transformações da ação antrópica que em muitas situações
são irreversíveis.
Vetor de Suporte e Máxima Verossimilhança (Yang et al.,
2017)
Diante desse contexto, o objetivo do presente
estudo é, por meio do algoritmo de árvore de decisão,
mapear o uso e cobertura da terra da área de contribuição
da
barragem Bico da Pedra, norte de Minas Gerais, com vistas a
identificação das suas fragilidades ambientais.
Diante desse contexto, a análise de uso e ocupação
territorial se torna fundamental para a gestão e plane-
jamento dos recursos naturais e as bacias hidrográficas
tornam-se as unidades de estudo, conforme a Lei 9.433, de 8 de
janeiro de 1997. Considerada uma importante bacia
hidrográfica brasileira, a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São
Francisco (BHRSF) já apresenta condições adversas, com
vazões e precipitações abaixo da média prejudicando os
níveis de armazenamento dos reservatórios ali presentes
(CBHSF, 2016).
A área de estudo foi definida como a área de
contribuição da barragem Bico da Pedra, localizada en- tre
os municípios de Francisco Sá, Janaúba, Porteirinha, Nova
Porteirinha e Riacho dos Machados, pertencente à Bacia
Hidrográfica do Rio Verde Grande, afluente do rio São
Francisco, situados na região do norte do estado de Minas
Gerais, Brasil (Figura 1).
Inserida em parte na BHSF, a região do norte de
Minas Gerais se identifica a intensa exploração dos recur- sos
hídricos, mesmo com os longos períodos de estiagens e baixa
disponibilidade hídrica superficial (CPRM, 2019).
Um dos
rios de maior importância dessa região, é o rio Gorutuba,
onde se encontra a barragem Bico da Pedra responsável
pelo abastecimento de água dos municípios de Janaúba,
Porteirinha e Nova Porteirinha, além do fornecimento de
água para áreas irrigáveis (DIG, 2013). Contudo, a presença
de barragens em vales fluviais rom- pe com a sequência
natural dos cursos d´água, gerando impactos ambientais nas
áreas de contribuição que se estendem a montante do rio
(Coelho, 2008).
Os municípios que compreendem a área de estudo
apresentam clima tropical, sendo o verão mais chuvo- so
que o inverno, configurando como classificação Aw
(Köppen, 1936). A temperatura e pluviosidade média desses
munícipios são de 23,7°C e 830 mm, respectiva- mente
(INMET, 2018).
Os tipos de solos presentes na área de contribui-
ção
da barragem Bico da Pedra, segundo a FEAM (2010),
correspondem em sete classes: afloramento rochoso, ar-
gissolo vermelho-amarelo, cambissolo háplico, latossolo
vermelho, latossolo vermelho-amarelo, neossolo litólico
distrófico e nitossolo vermelho.
Com a finalidade de obter maior compreensão dos
processos que impactam o meio ambiente e as alternativas para
mitigá-los, foram desenvolvidas geotecnologias capa-
zes de
realizar o monitoramento e análises ambientais a
partir de
dados espaciais, como o Sistema de Informação
Geográfica
(SIG) e o sensoriamento remoto (Martins et al., 2014; Rosa,
2005). Essa relação possibilita a criação
de mapas de uso e
cobertura da terra, utilizados na iden- tificação e interpretação
de alvos como áreas degradadas, cultivos, vegetações, cursos
d`água e outras feições, bem como analisar temporariamente as
paisagens provocadas
pela ação humana (Santos; Petronzio,
2011)
Aquisição e processamento dos dados
Inicialmente, realizou-se a delimitação da área de
contribuição da barragem Bico da Pedra a partir do modelo
de elevação Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) de
resolução espacial 30 metros. Posteriormen- te, foram
adquiridas duas imagens do satélite Landsat 8 sensor OLI
(Operational Land Imager) e TIRS (Thermal Infrared
Sensor), referentes ao ano de 2017, para os pe- ríodos de
verão (08/01/2017) e inverno (04/08/2017).
Além disso, foi
realizada a correção atmosférica das ima-
gens de satélite
através do algoritmo DOS1 (Dark Object Substraction 1)
(Chavez Junior, 1988).
A classificação desses alvos pode ser feita por
meio de diferentes métodos, entre eles, a árvore de de- cisão,
algoritmo de aprendizagem com estrutura com- posta pelos
nós, ramos e folhas que permite analisar um conjunto de
atributos com base em decisões booleanas, que são
representadas na saída por um valor ou rótulo (Berhane et
al., 2018). A classificação pela árvore de de- cisão possui
vantagens sobre outros classificadores, pois apresentam uma
semântica praticamente intuitiva, de
fácil compreensão,
simples e flexível, além de apresentar
acurácias superiores à
classificadores como Máquina de
Os índices de vegetação Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI) (Rouse et al., 1973) e Soil Adjusted
Vegetation Index (SAVI) (Huete, 1988) foram calculados,
conforme a equações 1 e 2, respectivamente. Sendo que, o
SAVI considera os efeitos do solo, de forma à ajustar o
NDVI em superfícies não cobertas pela vegetação.
Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 13, p. 01–09, https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2021.29039