Successive crops of lettuce fertilized with organic compost produced from cellulose paper
residues
Rejane Pereira de Souza
1
; Leidivan Almeida Frazão
2
; Maria das Dores Magalhães Veloso
3
; Regynaldo Arruda
Sampaio4; Luiz
Arnaldo Fernandes5*
Doi: https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2021.29084
Abstract
New technologies must ensure that the natural resources used can somehow return to the environment in an advan- tageous
way. The objective of this study was to evaluate organic compost produced from cattle manure and cellulose paper residues and
lettuce production. In the organic compost the Pb and Cd concentrations were below the limits of
quantification by the
methodology used. The organic compost was evaluated in two consecutive lettuce crops. The first
cultivation was carried out in a
completely randomized design in the 4x3+1 scheme with four replicates: four doses of organic compost, three different organic
compost and additional treatment, without addition of organic compost. The second cultivation was carried out 90 days after
the first one, without additional of fertilizers. In the soil, there was an increase in pH, CEC, SOC, P, K, Ca and Mg, after 2
consecutive crops. Significative concentrations of Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd not were found in the plants in both crops. The use of
organic compost from cellulose paper residues in agricultural improved soil fertility and lettuce production, being the highest
yields obtained in the second crop.
Key words
: Composting. Printing inks. Recycled paper.
Cultivos sucessivos de alface adubada com composto orgânico de resíduos de papel
Resumo
As novas tecnologias devem garantir que os recursos naturais utilizados possam, de alguma forma, retornar ao meio ambiente
de maneira vantajosa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produção de compostos orgânicos produzidos a
partir de esterco
bovino, resíduos de papel celulósico e a produção de alface. Nos compostos orgânicos, as concentrações
de Pb e Cd ficaram abaixo
dos limites de quantificação do método utilizado. Os compostos orgânicos foram avaliados em dois cultivos consecutivos de
alface. O primeiro cultivo foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no esquema 4x3+1, com quatro repetições:
quatro doses de composto orgânico, três diferentes compostos orgânicos e um tratamento adicional, sem adição de composto
orgânico. O segundo cultivo foi realizado 90 dias após o primeiro, sem adição de fertilizantes. No solo, a adição de compostos
orgânicos aumentou o pH, CTC, COS, P, K, Ca e Mg, após 2 dois consecutivos. Não foram encontradas concentrações
significativas de Ni, Cr, Pb e Cd nas plantas, nos dois. O uso de compostos orgânicos produzidos a partir de resíduos de papel
melhorou a fertilidade do solo e a produção de alface, sendo as maiores produções obtidos no segundo cultivo.
Palavras chave:
Compostagem. Resíduo de papel. Tintas para impressão.
Recebido para publicação em 12 de janeiro de 2020. Aceito para publicação em 27 de janeiro de 2020
e-ISSN: 2447-6218 /
ISSN: 2447-6218. Atribuição CC BY.
CADERNO DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS
Agrarian Sciences Journal
2
Souza, R. P. et al.
Introduction
Brazil is one of the largest producers of cellulose
paper in the world, being the largest in South America
(Silva et al., 2010). However, the rates of paper recovery after
use are still modest when compared to the rates
realized by
other countries. This phenomenon is linked to
the lack of
efficient policies and the cultural behavior of the population
that has not yet incorporated sustainable habits into its
routine (Gonela et al., 2015).
the “hand test” (Nunes et al., 2010). During the process,
the
mixture (cattle manure and cellulose paper residues) was
turned over weekly for oxygenation and the moisture
was
controlled by weekly weighing the pots and reple- nishing
the water when necessary. The temperature was evaluated
using a dipstick thermometer.
At the end of the process (28 weeks) samples of
organic compost were collected from each container to
determine the C/N ratio, pH, nutrients, lead and cadmium
concentrations (Tedesco et al., 1995).
Composting can be used as a form of final disposal
of
cellulose paper residues, as long as it complies with the
determinations established in the current Brazilian
legislation that deals with this theme. However, when
carried out in piles and with the use of a large amount of
nitrogenous material, it can cause bad odors and en-
vironmental contamination. In this sense, composting in pots
can be an alternative for the production of organic
compounds in different environments and on a small scale.
For the study of the effects of organic compounds on
soil fertility and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production, two
consecutive crops were carried out. The lettuce plants
were
growing in plastic containers filled with 3 liters of an Oxisol,
collected in the superficial layer of native ve- getation
(Brazilian Savana). Soil characterization: pH =
6,3; available
P = 1,70 mg kg
-1
; exchangeable K = 96 mg
kg-1, exchangeable
Ca = 2,10 cmolc kg-1, exchangeable Mg = 1,10 cmolc kg-3,
cation exchange capacity = 4,21 cmolc kg-3; soil organic
carbon = 11,6 g kg-1.
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), one of the most con-
sumed vegetables in Brazil, can be used as a bioindicator
to
validate the quality of organic compost (Kiehl, 2010). The
organic compost produced from cellulose paper re- sidues
may contain substances toxic to the environment, present in
the inks used for printing.
The experimental design was completely rando-
mized, in a factorial scheme 3x4+1, with an additional
treatment and four replications, as follows: three organic
fertilizers (organic compost from cattle manure, organic
compost from cattle manure and white cellulose paper and
organic compost from cattle manure and printed cellulo-
se
paper), four doses of organic fertilizer, equivalent to 20, 40,
80 and 160 Mg ha-1 and an additional treatment without the
addition of organic fertilizer (Control). All treatments
received a fertilization with 220 mg dm-3 of phosphorus in
the form of single superphosphate.
Considering the scarcity of studies on the effects
of
organic compost produced from white and printed cellulose
paper residues, the objective of this study was
to evaluate
organic compost produced from cattle manure
and cellulose
paper residues and lettuce production.
Material and Methods
The experiment was carried out in Montes Claros,
Minas Gerais, Brazil (16°44 ‘06 “S; 43°51’ 42” W, altitude:
648 m). The climate of the region is AW type (Köppen
climate classification), with an annual precipitation of
approximately 1,060 mm and an average annual tem-
perature of 24.20°C. For the production of organic com- post,
an experiment was conducted in plastic containers with
capacity of 6 liters. The experimental design was
completely randomized with four treatments and eight
replications. The treatments were: only cattle manure
compost (CMC), cattle manure and white cellulose paper
residues (edges of printed documents or parts not used for
printing on documents) (CMW), cattle manure and cellulose
paper residues printed with black ink and xe-
rographic
material with black ink (CMP) and fresh cattle
manure (FCM)
as an additional treatment (control).
For the first growing, the soil of each container was
incubated with the respective treatments and the phosphate
fertilizer for a period of fifteen days, keeping the moisture
close to the field capacity. The lettuce see- dlings were
produced in Styrofoam trays and, after 30
days of sowing,
two seedlings were transplanted per pot.
After 30 days of
growing in containers, the plants were
harvested and the fresh
matter production of lettuce leaves
and the nutrients and heavy
metals concentrations were evaluated (Malavolta et al.,
1997).
To evaluate the residual effect of organic compost, a
second growing lettuce was carried out at 90 days after the
harvest of the plants from the first experiment, in the
same
containers. The conduction of the second growing was
similar to that of the first. At the end of the second
experiment, soil samples were collected from each con-
tainer for chemical analysis (Teixeira et al., 2017).
The cellulose paper residues were cut into pieces
of 3
cm2 and mixed with dry cattle manure in a 4:1 ratio.
The initial
mass of the raw materials was 1,750 g, packed
in 6 liters
plastic containers: 350 g of cut cellulose paper and 1,400 g of
cattle manure. The containers received
water until it reached
an adequate moisture, according to
For the organic compost experiment, the data were
subjected to analysis of variance and the treatment means
compared by the Scott Knott test (p <0.05). The data
referring to the growing lettuce experiment were
Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 13, p. 01–07, https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2021.29084
3
Successive crops of lettuce fertilized with organic compost produced from cellulose paper residues
submitted to analysis of variance and the means of the
additional treatment were compared with the means of
organic compost by the Dunnet test (p <5%). The means of
organic compost were compared with each other by the
Scott Knott test (p <5%). For the doses of organic compost,
regression equations were adjusted. The statistical software
used in all statistical analyzes was R version 3.3.0.
turning of and by the low amount of nitrogen in the
cellulose paper residues. Organic compost produced in
small volume and with material from cellulosic origin, in
general present slow degradation due to the low me-
tabolism of the microorganisms involved in the process
Kawatoko; Rizk, 2010).
Regarding moisture, at the end of the process, the
fresh cattle manure had a lower moisture content than
organic compost (Table 1). The organic compost from
cellulose paper did not differ from each other in terms of
final moisture content. The greater value for the compost
produced from only cattle manure can be attributed to its
composition, which retains more water than paper.
Results and Discussion
During the experimental period, the room tem-
perature ranged from 26 to 37oC, while in the mixture
(cattle manure and cellulose paper residues) it ranged
from
21.8 to 32.6°C. The temperature of the mixture close
to room
temperature can be explained by the frequent
Table 1 – Chemical analysis of fresh manure (FCM), organic compost from cattle manure (CMC), organic compost from cattle
manure and white cellulose paper residues (CMW) and organic compost from cattle manure and printed cellulose
paper residues (CMP).
Moisture
pH
C/N
C
N
P
K
Mg S
Ca
----%---
20.0a
30.4bB
23.5aA
21.2aA
----------------------------%-----------------------------------
---
FCM
CMC
CM
W
CMC
6.80a
7.76bB
8.32bB
8.37bB
13.19a
13.63aA
14.08aA
13.82aA
22.03a
27.41bA
20.00aB
26.27bA
1.67a
2.01bA
1.42bB
1.90bA
<1
<1
<1
<1
4.8a
4.1aA
3.5bB
3.3bB
0.72a
0.66aA
0.54bB
0.54bB
<1
<1
<1
<1
1.45a
1.02bC
3.42bA
3.10bB
B
Cu Mn
Fe
Zn
Cd
Pb
%
FCM
CMC
CM
W
CMC
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
1.36a
1.22aA
1.25bA
1.04bB
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
Lowercase letters in the columns compare the withnes the other treatments by the Dunnet test (p <5%). Upper case letters in the columns compare the CMC,
CMW and CMP treatments by the Scott Knott test (p <5%). Averages followed by the same letter do not differ.
The pH values of organic compost were higher
than
those of fresh cattle manure (Table 1). Raw materials
with
initial acid pH can produce organic compost with alkaline
pH (Kiehl, 2010). According to this author, the
microorganisms can use some organic acids as substrate and
increases the final pH of the organic compost.
For soil samples collected after the second lettu- ce
plants harvest, it was found that the pH, soil organic carbon
(SOC), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and nu- trients,
except N, Zn, Fe, Ni and Cu, were higher in the treatment
with organic compost (Table 2). The organic compost from
cellulose paper residues provided greater
CEC over time,
after two lettuce plants growing, possibly due to the gradual
release of carbon in the cellulose paper
residues.
Regarding the composition of organic compost, the
nutrient in highest concentration was C followed by K, Ca, N
and Mg, in that order (Table 1). All treatments showed very
low concentrations of P, B, Cu, Mn and Zn, below the
detection limit of the method used in this study (Table 1).
For iron, fresh manure showed higher concentrations than
organic compounds (Table 1). In relation to the potentially
toxic metals, Cd and Pb, the concentrations were below the
method detection limit (0.2 mg kg-1).
Regarding the doses of organic compost, it was
found that the pH, CEC, SOC, Ca, Mg, P and Zn values
increased linearly, while there was no significant effect on
the values of N, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd (Table 3). Ramos et
al. (2009), Abreu et al. (2010) and Cardoso et al. (2011)
also found an improvement in soil fertility amendments with
higher doses of organic compost after
Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 13, p. 01–07, https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2021.29084
4
Souza, R. P. et al.
lettuce plants growing. Other authors point out that the
amounts of nutrients made available by organic compost
are proportional to the doses applied (Damatto et al.,
2006; Magro et al., 2010; Cardoso et al., 2011).
Table 2 – Soil attributes and nutrient content after second lettuce crop.
Trat.
pH
P
K
Ca
Mg
T
SOC
------- mg kg-1 ------
------------ cmolc kg-1 -------------
--%--
0.98a
1.64bA
1.68bA
1.56bA
Control
CMW
CMP
CMC
6.88a
7.68bA
7.94bA
7.56bA
5.37a
6.65bB
6.96bA
7.01bA
49.75a
462.56bA
427.63bA
388.19bB
2.67a
3.50bA
3.36bA
3.15bA
1.01a
1.93bA
1.74bB
1.54bC
4.52a
7.17bA
6.75bB
6.33bC
Trat.
Zn
Fe
Mn
Ni
Cu
Cr
Pb
Cd
Trat.
Control
CMW
CMP
CMC
-------------------------------------------------------mg kg-1----------------------------------------------------
----
6.54a
7.60aA
6.89aA
6.45aA
70.76a
51.97bB
53.18bB
63.96aA
49.61
53.12
55.82
50.24
0.33a
0.36aA
0.36aA
0.31aA
1.06a
0.98aA
1.07aA
0.99aA
NQ
4.85A
2.04B
NQ
7.45a
9.68bA
10.18bA
10.80bA
N
D
N
D
N
D
ND
Control; CMW= compost from cattle manure and white cellulose paper; CWP = compost from cattle manure and printed cellulose paper; CMC
= compost from cattle manure. NQ = not quantified, ND = not detected. Lower case letters in the columns compare the control with the other treatments using
the Dunnet test (p <5%). Capital letters in the columns compare the CMW, CMP and CMC treatments using the Scott Knott test (p <5%). The averages
followed by the same letter do not differ statistically.
On the other hand, Fe and K values were lower at
higher doses of organic compost (Table 3). For catio- nic
micronutrients and heavy metals, immobilization by
complexation reactions of these elements with humic
substances present in organic compost can occur (Bezerra
et
al., 2009).
Table 3
–
Regression equations adjusted for the soil chemical attributes after the second crop of the lettuce as a function
of the
different organic compost doses.
Attributes
Equation
R
2
Attributes
Equation
R
2
CM
W
CMP
CMC
y = 7.145 + 0.0042**x y
= 7.293 + 0.0049*x y =
7.095 + 0.0037**x
R² = 0.81
R² = 0.78
R² = 0.89
RP
B
RPI
EP
C
y = 0.1ns y
= 0.1ns y =
0.1ns
-
-
-
N
(%)
pH
CM
W
CMP
CMC
y = 5.082 + 0.0146**x y
= 5.882 + 0.0085**x y =
5.281 + 0.0156**x
R² = 0.85
R² = 0.88
R² = 0.99
RP
B
RPI
EP
C
y =6.391 + 0.0111*x y
=6.318 + 0.0077*x y
=4.373 + 0.0272**x
R² = 0.74
R² = 0.73
R² = 0.85
Zn
(mg kg-1)
P
(mg kg-1)
CM
W
CMP
CMC
y = 17.894 - 4.421**x y
= 76.219 - 4.7585**x y =
29.356 - 3.8873**x
R² = 0.98
R² = 0.95
R² = 0.98
RP
B
RPI
EP
C
Y = 0.35ns
Y = 0.35ns
Y = 0.31ns
-
-
-
K
(mg kg-1)
Ni
(mg kg-1)
CM
W
CMP
CMC
y = 2.867 + 0.0039**x y
= 2.744 + 0.0034**x y =
2.744 + 0.0034**x
R² = 0.87
R² = 0.88
R² = 0.98
RP
B
RPI
EP
C
y = 0.99ns
Y= 1.01ns
Y =1.01ns
-
-
-
Ca
(cmolc kg-1)
Cu
(mg kg-1)
CM
W
CMP
CMC
y = 1.126 + 0.0069**x y
= 1.034 + 0.0062**x y =
0.898 + 0.006**x
R² = 0.96
R² = 0.98
R² = 0.98
RP
B
RPI
EP
C
Y = 3.88ns
Y = 1.63ns
ND
-
-
-
Mg
(cmolc kg-1)
Cr
(mg kg-1)
CM
W
CMP
CMC
y = 4.606 + 0.0226**x y
= 4.356 + 0.0217**x y =
4.266 + 0.0189**x
R² = 0.99
R² = 0.99
R² = 0.99
RP
B
RPI
EP
C
Y =9.23ns
Y =9.63ns Y
=10.94ns
-
-
-
CEC
(cmolc kg-1)
Pb
(mg kg-1)
CM
W
CMP
CMC
y = 0.873+ 0.0071**x y =
0.876 + 0.0074**x y =
0.856 + 0.0065**x
R² = 0.99
R² = 0.99
R² = 0.99
RP
B
RPI
EP
C
N
D
N
D
N
D
-
-
-
SOC
(%)
Cd
(mg kg-1)
CMW= compost from cattle manure and white cellulose paper; CWP = compost from cattle manure and printed cellulose paper; CMC = compost from cattle
manure. NQ = not quantified, ND = not detected.
Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 13, p. 01–07, https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2021.29084
5
Successive crops of lettuce fertilized with organic compost produced from cellulose paper residues
The production of fresh matter of lettuce leaves and
roots, in the first harvest, was lower in the con- trol
treatment and higher in the treatment with organic compost
produced from printed cellulose paper residues (Table 4). In
the second harvest, the production of fresh
matter in the
control treatment was lower and there were
no significant
differences between the organic compost (Table 4).
The results obtained in the first and second crops
indicate that organic compost produced from materials rich
in cellulose and lignin gradually make nutrients available
(Bonela et al., 2017). According to Peixoto Filho et al.,
2013), for lettuce, and Lanna et al., 2018), for radish, found
a greater increase in production in the
second growing, due to
the greater availability of nutrients
over time in soils
amendments with organic fertilizers.
Table 4 – Regression equations adjusted for fresh matter production of leaves and roots of lettuce plants in two conse- cutive
crops as a function of the doses of different organic compost.
Maximum pro-
duction. (g/
plant)
Dose for maximum pro-
duction (Mg há
-1
)
Trat.
Equação
R
2
First crop
Fresh matter of leaves
CMW
CMP
CMC
y = 34.6233+0.0273*x-0.0013*x2
y = 26.9454+0.4075**x-0.0021**x2
y =
38.5832+0.0081*x-0.0015*x2
0.79
0.95
0.78
34.80
46.1
38.59
10.5
97.02
2.7
Fresh matter of roots
CMW
CMP
CMC
y = 17.588-0.0706*x
y = 14.142+0.1513**x-0.0008**x2
y =
19.969+0.0584**x-0.0011**x2
0.79
0.85
0.81
17.59
21.29
20.74
0
95.5
26.5
Second crop
Fresh matter of leaves
CMW
CMP
CMC
y = 28.5062+0.4793**x y =
26.1832+0.4628**x
y = 30.8832+0.4473**x
0.79
0.97
0.83
105.19
100.23
102.45
160
160
160
Fresh matter of roots
CMW
CMP
CMC
y = 18.895+0.2051**x-0.0026*x2
y = 14.648+0.1275**x-0.0007**x2
y =
20.475+0.0447**x-0.0011**x2
0.80
0.81
0.82
22.94
20.46
20.93
39.50
91.00
20.50
Trat.
Fresh matter of leaves (g/plant)
Fresh matter of roots (g/plant)
First crop
Second crop
First crop
Second crop
Control
CMW
CMP
CMC
27.50a
27.00aB
40.06bA
28.75aB
20.00a
66.56bA
62.44bA
67.13bA
15.25a
12.88aA
17.88aA
16.50aA
15.95a
23.22bB
26.21bA
20.53bC
Control; CMW= compost from cattle manure and white cellulose paper; CWP = compost from cattle manure and printed cellulose paper; CMC
= compost from cattle manure. NQ = not quantified, ND = not detected. Lower case letters in the columns compare the control with the other treatments using
the Dunnet test (p <5%). Capital letters in the columns compare the CMW, CMP and CMC treatments using the Scott Knott test (p <5%). The averages
followed by the same letter do not differ statistically
Regarding the doses of organic compost, it was
verified in the first harvest that the production of fresh
lettuce leaves was adjusted to a quadratic model (Table 4). In
the second harvest, the production of fresh matter increased
linearly with the doses of organic composts (Table 4).
These results can be explained by the slow
release of nutrients from organic compost and the rela-
tively short cycle of lettuce plants (Ramos et al., 2009;
Kano et al., 2011; Yagioka et al., 2014) In addition to
the
characteristics of the organic compost, it is important
to
consider the initial soil fertility. Lanna et al. (2018),
studying the residual effect of the organic compost for
Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 13, p. 01–07, https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2021.29084
6
Souza, R. P. et al.
radish, after the chicory harvest, found a linear increase in
the production of radish plants in the highest doses of
organic compost in high fertility soils, while in low fertility
soils there were no significant responses to in- creased
doses of organic compost. In this context, it can be inferred
that the greater production of lettuce in the second crop can
be attributed to the construction of soil fertility, once the
nutrients were made available with the mineralization of
organic compost over time.
in the first crop, while the levels of P, K and S were higher
in
the second crop. The analysis of nutrients in the plant
indicates that the increase in the dose of organic compost
improved the soil CEC and favored a more balanced uptake
nutrients by plants. As a consequence, the productivity of
lettuce plants increased and the availability of heavy
metals
decreased in the second harvest, possibly due to the
complexation reactions of metals with humic substances.
The results obtained in this research allow us to
conclude that the organic compost improved the soil fertility
and gradually made the nutrients available over time and did
not present a risk of soil and plant conta- mination by lead
and cadmium.
According to the chemical analysis of the leaves of
lettuce plants, there were few differences between
treatments (Table 5).
The concentrations of N, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni and
Cr
were higher in the treatments with organic compost
Table 5 – Concentrations of nutrients and metals in lettuce leaves in two consecutive crops.
First crop (%)
C
N
P
K
Ca
Mg
S
Control
CMW
CMP
CMC
48.89a
45.43aA
43.70aA
45.76aA
3.06a
3.98bA
3.41bA
3.50bA
0.41a
0.47aA
0.43aA
0.44aA
2.68a
2.54aA
2.56aA
2.77aA
0.95a
0.76bA
0.77bA
0.63bA
0.30a
0.28aA
0.25aA
0.26aA
0.27a
0.29aA
0.26aA
0.25aA
Second crop (%)
C
N
P
K
Ca
Mg
S
Control
CMW
CMP
CMC
51.21a
45.69aA
46.88aA
47.39aA
1.35a
2.60bA
2.27bA
2.46bA
0.22a
0.32bA
0.35bA
0.37bA
1.90a
2.73bA
2.56bA
2.59bA
0.70a
0.79aA
0.80aA
0.73aA
0.19a
0.24aA
0.22aA
0.24aA
0.16a
0.26bA
0.21bA
0.25bA
First crop (%)
Cu
Fe
Zn
Mn
B
Ni
Pb
Cd
Cr
Control
CMW
CMP
CMC
3.60a
4.85bA
4.58bA
4.74bA
186.25a
203.03bC
247.02bB
425.72bA
50.25a
39.21bA
33.32bA
34.66bA
318.90a
93.76bB
102.98bB
153.50bA
17.50a
12.57aA
13.60aA
11.48aA
0.60a
0.15bA
0.14bA
0.17bA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.3a
0.10bC
0.28bB
0.48bA
Second crop (%)
Cu
1.60a
2.41bA
2.43bA
2.79bA
Fe
89.25a
124.91bA
147.88bA
135.14bA
Zn
19.15a
19.55aA
19.55aA
21.53aA
Mn
53.00a
41.11aA
43.10aA
55.07aA
B
15.75a
16.60aA
16.59aA
18.56aA
Ni
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Pb
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cd
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cr
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Control
CMW
CMP
CMC
Control; CMW= compost from cattle manure and white cellulose paper; CWP = compost from cattle manure and printed cellulose paper; CMC
= compost from cattle manure. NQ = not quantified, ND = not detected. Lower case letters in the columns compare the control with the other treatments using
the Dunnet test (p <5%). Capital letters in the columns compare the CMW, CMP and CMC treatments using the Scott Knott test (p <5%). The averages
followed by the same letter do not differ statistically
Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 13, p. 01–07, https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2021.29084
7
Successive crops of lettuce fertilized with organic compost produced from cellulose paper residues
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interest
This research was supported by the National Pro-
gram for Academic Cooperation of the Coordination for
the
Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES
/ Brazil), by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and
Technological Development (CNPq / Brazil) and by the
Minas Gerais State Foundation for Research Support
(FAPEMIG / Brazil).
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The
founding sponsors had no role in the design of the stu- dy; in
the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the
writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the
results.
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