Saber, memória e ancestralidade
construindo e comunicando saberes na Idade do Ferro bretã
Palavras-chave:
paisagem funerária, saberes materiais, Idade do Ferro, East YorkshireResumo
Este artigo convida-nos a pensar a criação e transmissão de saberes em termos de suas manifestações materiais através do estudo de contextos arqueológicos. Tomando os enterramentos da Idade do Ferro em East Yorkshire, no norte inglês, como um estudo de caso, a análise demonstra como certos saberes, identidades e memórias foram materializados e transmitidos ao longo dos séculos, conectando gerações distintas. As tumbas são discutidas não como entidades individuais, mas como partes de uma soma maior. Isso inclui, por exemplo, diferentes monumentos incorporados pelos cemitérios e que costumam pré-datar a Idade do Ferro, bem como aspectos de performance, e possíveis relações entre alguns dos indivíduos enterrados em termos de suas osteobiografias.
Downloads
Referências
ATHA, Michael. Late Iron Age Regionality and Early Roman Trajectories (100BC-AD200): A Landscape Perspective from Eastern Yorkshire. 2007. Tese (Doutorado em Arqueologia) – University of York, York, 2007. 2 v.
BARRETT, John. The Mythical Landscapes of the British Iron Age. In: ASHMORE, Wendy; KNAPP, Arthur Bernard (org.). Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives. Malden: Blackwell, 1999. p. 253-265.
BARTRA, Roger. Antropología del cerebro: conciencia, cultura y libre albedrío. Ciudad del México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2014.
BATES, Andrew; JONES, Gil; ORTON, David Clive. Animal Bone from the Ferry Fryston Chariot Burial. In: BROWN, Fraser; ALLEN, Carol (org.). The Archaeology of the A1 (M): Darrington to Dishforth DBFO Road Scheme. Lancaster: Oxford Archaeology North, 2007. p. 148-150.
BRADLEY, Richard. The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618574.
BREWSTER, T. C. M. Garton Slack. Current Archaeology, London, v. 51, p. 104-116, 1976.
BREWSTER, T. C. M. The Excavation of Garton & Wetwang Slacks. Malton: East Riding Archaeological Research Committee, 1980.
CAFFELL, Anwen; HOLST, Malin. Osteological Analysis. In: FENTON-THOMAS, Chris. Where sky and Yorkshire and Water Meet: The Story of the Melton Landscape from Prehistory to the Present. York: On-Site Archaeology, 2011. p. 498-562.
COLLIS, John. Across the Great Divide. In: CHAMPION, Timothy; COLLIS John (org.). The Iron Age in Britain and Ireland: Recent Trends. Sheffield: Collis Publications, 1996. p. 1-4.
CONNERTON, Paul. How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628061.
CUNLIFFE, Barry. Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC until the Roman Conquest. London: Routledge, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203326053.
DENT, John Strickland. Cemeteries and Settlement Patterns of the Iron Age on the Yorkshire Wolds. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, Cambridge, v. 48, p. 437-457, 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X0000846X.
DENT, John Strickland. The Iron Age in East Yorkshire: An Analysis of the Later Prehistoric Monuments of the Yorkshire Wolds and the Culture which Marked Their Final Phase. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407304755.
DENT, John Strickland. Wetwang Slack: An Iron Age Cemetery on the Yorkshire Wolds.1984. Dissertação (Mestrado em Arqueologia) – Sheffield: University of Sheffield, 1984.
DETIENNE, Marcel. Les Grecs et Nous: Une Anthropologie Comparée de la Grèce Ancienne. Paris: Perrin, 2005.
FENTON-THOMAS, Chris. Where Sky and Yorkshire and Water Meet: The Story of the Melton Landscape from Prehistory to the Present. York: On-Site Archaeology, 2011.
FÖGEN, Thorsten; WARREN, Richard (org.). Graeco-Roman Antiquity and the Idea of Nationalism in the 19th Century: Case Studies. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110473490.
FOX, Cyril. The Personality of Britain: Its Influence on Inhabitant and Invader in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales, 1947.
GARROW, D. et al. Dating Celtic Art: a Major Radiocarbon Dating Programme of Iron Age and Early Roman Metalwork in Britain. Archaeological Journal, Newcastle, v. 166, n. 1, p. 79-123, jan. 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00665983.2009.11078221
GHEORGHIU, Dragoş; NASH, George (org.). Place as Material Culture: Objects, Geographies and the Construction of Time. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.
GILES, Melanie. Good Fences Make Good Neighbours? Exploring the Ladder Enclosures of Late Iron Age East Yorkshire. In: HASELGROVE, Colin; MOORE, Tom. The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2007. p. 235-249.
GILES, Melanie. A Forged Glamour: Landscape, Identity and Material Culture in the Iron Age. Bollington: Windgather, 2012.
GILES, Melanie. Performing Pain, Performing Beauty: Dealing With Difficult Death in the Iron Age. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, Cambridge, v. 25, n. 3, p. 539-550, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774314001036.
GILES, Melanie; GREEN, Victoria; PEIXOTO, Pedro Vieira da Silva. Wide Connections: Women, Mobility and Power in Iron Age East Yorkshire. In: HALKON, Peter (org.). The Arras Culture of Eastern Yorkshire: Celebrating the Iron Age. Proceedings of “Arras 200 - Celebrating the Iron Age”. Oxford: Oxbow, 2020. p. 47-66.
HALKON, Peter (org.). The Arras Culture of Eastern Yorkshire: Celebrating the Iron Age. Pb ed. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774314001036
HALKON, Peter. The Parisi: Britons and Romans in East Yorkshire. Stroud: The History Press, 2013.
HARDING, Dennis William. The Iron Age in Northern Britain: Celts and Romans, Natives and Invaders. London: Routledge, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203326107
HAWKES, Jacquetta; HAWKES, Christopher. Prehistoric Britain. London: Pelican Books, 1948.
HINGLEY, Richard (org.). Images of Rome: Perceptions of Ancient Rome in Europe and the United States in the Modern Age. Portsmouth: JRA, 2001.
JAMES, Simon. Arms, the Armed, and Armed Violence. In: HASELGROVE, Colin; WELLS, Peter S.; REBAY-SALISBURY, Katharina (org.). Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. p. 1-21.
JAY, Mandy et al. British Iron Age Chariot Burials of the Arras Culture: A Multi-Isotope Approach to Investigating Mobility Levels and Subsistence Practices. World Archaeology, [S.l.], v. 45, n. 3, p. 473-491, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2013.820647
JAY, Mandy et al. Chariots and Context: New Radiocarbon Dates from Wetwang and the Chronology of Iron Age Burials and Brooches in East Yorkshire. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Oxford, v. 31, n. 2, p. 161-189, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.2012.00384.x
JAY, Mandy; MONTGOMERY, Janet. Isotopes and Chariots: Diet, Subsistence and Origins of Iron Age People from Yorkshire. In: HALKON, Peter (ed.). The Arras Culture of Eastern Yorkshire: Celebrating the Iron Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2020. p. 85-100.
JAY, Mandy; RICHARDS, Michael P. British Iron Age Diet: Stable Isotopes and Other Evidence. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, Cambridge, v. 73, p. 169-190, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.2012.00384.x
JAY, Mandy; RICHARDS, Michael P. Diet in the Iron Age Cemetery Population at Wetwang Slack, East Yorkshire, UK: Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science, [S.l.], v. 33, n. 5, p. 653-662, maio 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.09.020
JOHNSON, James; SCHNEIDER, Seth. Materiality of Place, Performative Time and Mortuary Space as Locality in the Early Iron Age of Southwest Germany. In: GHEORGHIU, Dragoş; NASH, George (org.). Place as Material Culture: Objects, Geographies and the Construction of Time. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013. p. 277-297.
KING, Sarah Suzanne. What Makes War?: Assessing Iron Age Warfare Through Mortuary Behaviour and Osteological Patterns of Violence. 2010. Tese (Doutorado em Arqueologia) – University of Bradford, Bradford, 2010.
KOLEN, J.; RENES, H. Landscape Biographies: Key Issues. In: KOLEN, J.; RENES, J.; HERMANS, R. (ed.). Landscape Biographies: Geographical, Historical and Archaeological Perspectives on the Production and Transmission of Landscapes. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2015, p. 21-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048517800-003
KRISTOFFERSEN, Siv; OESTIGAARD, Terje. “Death Myths”: Performing of Rituals and Variation in Corpse Treatment During the Migration Period in Norway. In: FAHLANDER, Frederik; OESTIGAARD, Terje (org.). The Materiality of Death: Bodies, Burials, Beliefs. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2008. p. 127-139.
KÜCHLER, Susanne. Landscape as Memory: The Mapping of Process and its Representation in a Melanesian Society. In: BENDER, Barbara (org.). Landscape: Politics and Perspectives. Providence: Berg, 1993. p. 85-106.
LEGGE, A. J. The Animal Bones. In: STEAD, Ian. Iron Age Cemeteries in East Yorkshire: Excavations at Burton Fleming, Rudston, Garton-on-the-Wolds, and Kirkburn. London: British Museum Press, 1991. p. 140-147.
LELONG, O.; MACGREGOR, G. The Lands of Ancient Lothian: Interpreting the Archaeology of the A1. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 2007.
LILLIOS, Katina T.; TSAMIS, Vasileios (org.). Material Mnemonics: Everyday Memory in Prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2010.
MORTIMER, J. R. Forty Years’ Researches in British and Saxon Burial Mounds of East Yorkshire, Including Romano-British Discoveries, and a Description of the Ancient Entrencements of a Section of the Yorkshire Wolds. London: A. Brown and Sons, 1905.
MORTIMER, J. R. Report on the Opening of a Number of the So-Called “Danes Graves,” at Kilham, E. P. Yorks, and the Discovery of a Chariot-Burial of the Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, London, p. 119-128, 1898.
ORTON, David. A Local Barrow for Local People? The Ferry Fryston Cattle in Context. In: CROXFORD, B.; ROTH, R.; WHITE, N. (org.). TRAC 2006: Proceedings of the Sixtheenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2007. p. 77-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16995/TRAC2006_77_91
PARKER PEARSON, Mike. The Archaeology of Death and Burial. College Station: Texas A & M Univ. Press, 2002.
PARKER PEARSON, Mike. Chieftains and Pastoralists in Neolithic and Bronze Age Wessex: A Review. In: RAINBIRD, P. (Org.). Monuments in the Landscape. Stroud: Tempus, 2008. p. 34-53.
PEIXOTO, Pedro Vieira da Silva. As várias faces da morte: uma análise das diferenças sociais construídas em cemitérios do norte bretão (séc. V-I a.C.). 2018. Tese (Doutorado em História) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 2018.
PEIXOTO, Pedro Vieira da Silva. Da arte de matar os mortos? Considerações sobre os enterramentos da Idade do Ferro bretã perfurados por lanças. Phoînix, Rio de Janeiro, v. 25, n. 2, p. 26-48, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26770/phoinix.v25.2.n2
PETCHEY, Fiona; FENTON-THOMAS, Chris. Radiocarbon dating. In: FENTON-THOMAS, Chris. Where Sky and Yorkshire and Water Meet: The Story of the Melton Landscape from Prehistory to the Present. York: On-Site Archaeology, 2011. p. 563-568.
RAFTERY, Barry. The Island Celts. In: MOSCATI, S. (org.). The Celts. New York: Rizzoli, 1991. p. 557-578.
RIGBY, Valery. The Pottery. In: STEAD, Ian Mathieson. Iron Age Cemeteries in East Yorkshire: Excavations at Burton Fleming, Rudston, Garton-on-the-Wolds, and Kirkburn. London: British Museum Press, 1991. p. 94-118.
ROGNON, Frédéric. Os primitivos, nossos contemporâneos. Campinas: Papirus, 1991.
SKOGSTRAND, Lisbeth. The Role of Violence in the Construction of Prehistoric Masculinities. In: MATIĆ, Uroš; JENSEN, Bo (org.). Archaeologies of Gender and Violence. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2017. p. 77-102.
STEAD, Ian Mathieson. Iron Age Cemeteries in East Yorkshire: Excavations at Burton Fleming, Rudston, Garton-on-the-Wolds, and Kirkburn. London: British Museum Press, 1991.
STEAD, Ian Mathieson. The Arras Culture. York: Yorkshire Philosophical Society, 1979.
STEAD, Ian Mathieson. The La Tène Cultures of Eastern Yorkshire. York: Yorkshire Philosophical Society, 1965.
STEAD, Sheelagh. The Human Bones. In: STEAD, Ian Mathieson. Iron Age cemeteries in East Yorkshire: Excavations at Burton Fleming, Rudston, Garton-on-the-Wolds, and Kirkburn. London: British Museum Press, 1991. p. 126-139.
STOERTZ, Catherine. Ancient Landscapes of the Yorkshire Worlds: Aerial Photographic Transcription and Analysis. Swindon: RCHME, 1997.
TILLEY, Christopher Y. A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths, and Monuments. Oxford: Berg, 1994.
VLASSOPOULOS, Kostas. Unthinking the Greek Polis: Ancient Greek History Beyond Eurocentrism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511482946
WILLIAMS, Howard. Death and Memory in Early Medieval Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489594
ZUMTHOR, Paul. Performance, recepção, leitura. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2007.