An investigation into Spanish EFL learners' anxiety
Keywords:
Reações de ansiedade diversas, Aprendizagem de línguasAbstract
This research article reports the results of a study designed to measure and analyse Spanish students´ perceived anxiety when learning and using EFL inside the classroom. This article first includes a review of the literature on foreign language anxiety. Then it describes the participants of the investigation and the research methodology procedures. This is followed by the presentation and discussion of the results and, finally, the conclusions derived from this study. The resulting data revealed interesting information about the anxiety levels present among Spanish EFL learners. While relatively high levels of speaking anxiety have been identified, somewhat lower levels of listening anxiety associated with error correction, by contrast, have also been found. More specifically, the results suggested that the level of listening anxiety seems to slightly increase when error correction is somehow involved in the process.
Downloads
References
AIDA, Y. Examination of Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope's construct of foreign language anxiety: The case of students of Japanese. The Modern Language Journal, v. 78, p. 155-168, 1994.
ARNOLD, J. Preface. In: ARNOLD, J. (Ed.). Affect in Language Learning Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. p. xi-xiv.
ARNOLD, J.; BROWN, H. D. A map of the terrain. In: ARNOLD, J. (Ed.). Affect in Language Learning Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. p. 1-24.
BAILEY, K. M. Competitiveness and anxiety in adult second language learning: looking at and through the diary studies. In: BROWN, H. D.; GONZO, S. T. (Eds.). Readings on Second Language Acquisition Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents, 1995. p. 163-205.
BROWN, H. D. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents, 1994. 299 p.
CAMPBELL, C.; ORTIZ, J. Helping students overcome foreign language anxiety: a foreign language anxiety workshop. In: HORWITZ, E. K.; YOUNG, D. J., (Eds.). Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991. p. 153-168.
CHANG, A. C. S. Sources of listening anxiety in learning English as a foreign language. Perceptual and Motor Skills, v. 106, n. 1, p. 21-34, 2008.
CHASTAIN, K. Affective and ability factors in second language acquisition Language Learning, v. 25, p. 153-161, 1975.
CHENG, Y. S.; HORWITZ, E. K.; SHALLERT, D. L. Language anxiety: Differentiating writing and speaking components. Language Learning, v. 49, p. 417-446, 1999.
COOPER, C. Individual Differences 2. ed. London: Arnold, 2002. 357 p.
CROOKALL, D.; OXFORD, R. L. Dealing with anxiety: some practical activities for language learner and teacher trainees. In: HORWITZ, E. K.; YOUNG, D. J. (Eds.). Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991. p. 141-50.
DEWAELE, J. M. Psychological and sociodemographic correlates of communicative anxiety in L2 and L3 production. International Journal of Bilingualism, v. 6, p. 23-39, 2002.
DEWAELE, J. M.; PETRIDES, K. V.; FURNHAM, A. Effects of trait emotional intelligence and sociobiographical variables on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety among adult multilinguals: A review and empirical investigation. Language Learning, v. 58, p. 911-960, 2008.
DÖRNYEI, Z.; SKEHAN, P. Individual differences in second language learning. In: DOUGHTY, C. J.; LONG, M. H. (Eds.). The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition Oxford: Blackwell, 2003, p. 589-630.
DÖRNYEI, Z. Motivational Strategies in the Language Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
DÖRNYEI, Z. The Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005. 270 p.
DÖRNYEI, Z. Individual differences in second language acquisition. AILA Review, v. 19, n. 1, p. 42-68, 2006.
ELKHAFAIFI, H. Listening comprehension and anxiety in the Arabic language classroom. Modern Language Journal, v. 89, p. 206-220, 2005.
ELLIS, R. Individual differences in second language learning. In: DAVIES, A.; ELDER, C. (Eds.). The Handbook of Applied Linguistics Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. p. 525-551.
ELLIS, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition 2. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 1170 p.
EYSENCK, M. Anxiety, learning and memory: A reconceptualization. Journal of Research in Personality, v. 13, p. 363-385, 1979.
GARDNER, R. C.; MACINTYRE, P. D. On the measurement of affective variables in second language learning. Language Learning, v. 43, p. 157-194, 1993.
GREGERSEN, T.; HORWITZ, E. K. Language learning and perfectionism: Anxious and non-anxious language learners' reactions to their own oral performance. The Modern Language Journal, v. 86, n. 4, p. 562-570, 2002.
HAUCK, M.; HURD, S. Exploring the link between language anxiety and learner self-management in open language learning contexts. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, v. 2, 2005. Available at: <http://www.eurodl.org/materials/contrib/2005/Mirjam_Hauck.htm>
HORWITZ, E. K.; YOUNG, D. J. (Eds.) Language Anxiety: From Theory and Practice to Classroom Implications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991. 224 p.
HORWITZ, E. K. Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, v. 21, p. 112-126, 2001.
HORWITZ, E. K.; HORWITZ, M. B.; COPE, J. Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, v. 70, p. 125-132, 1986.
KITANO, K. Anxiety in the College Japanese Language Classroom. The Modern Language Journal, v. 85, p. 549-566, 2001.
KOUL, R.; ROY, L.; KAEWKUEKOOL, S.; PLOISAWASCHAI, S. Multiple goal orientations and foreign language anxiety. System, v. 37, p. 676-688, 2009.
KRAMSCH, C. Second Language Acquisition, Applied Linguistics, and the teaching of foreign languages. The Modern Language Journal, v. 84, n. 3, p. 311-326, 2000.
KRASHEN, S. Explorations in Language Acquisition and Use Portsmouth. NH: Heinemann, 2003. 97 p.
LIM, H. Y. Culture, attribution, and language anxiety. Applied Language Learning, v. 19, n. 1, p. 29-52, 2009.
LIU, M.; JACKSON, J. An exploration of Chinese EFL learners' Unwillingness to Communicate and Foreign Language Anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, v. 92, p. 71-86, 2008.
LIU, M. Anxiety in Chinese EFL students at different proficiency levels. System, v. 34, p. 301-316, 2006.
LIU, M. Language anxiety in EFL testing situations. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, v. 15, p. 53-75, 2007.
LIU, M. Reticence and Anxiety in Oral English Lessons Bern: Peter Lang, 2009. 300 p.
LIZUKA, K. Learner coping strategies for foreign language anxiety. In: ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING & EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS EXPO (JALT2009), 35, 2009, Shizuoka. Proceedings STOKE, A. M. (Ed.). Tokyo: JALT, 2010. p. 103-112.
MACINTYRE, P. D.; GARDNER, R. C. Anxiety and second language learning: Toward a theoretical clarification. Language Learning, v. 39, p. 251-275, 1989.
MACINTYRE, P. D.; GARDNER, R. C. Language anxiety: Its relationship to other anxieties and to processing in native and second languages. Language Learning, v. 41, p. 513-534, 1991a.
MACINTYRE, P. D.; GARDNER, R. C. Methods and results in the study of anxiety in language learning: A review of the literature. Language Learning, v. 41, p. 85-117, 1991b.
MACINTYRE, P. D.; GARDNER, R. C. The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, v. 44, p. 283-305, 1994a.
MACINTYRE, P. D.; GARDNER, R. C. The effects of induced anxiety on three stages of cognitive processing in second language learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, v. 16, p. 1-17, 1994b.
MACINTYRE, P. D. How does anxiety affect second language learning? A reply to Sparks and Ganschow. Modern Language Journal, v. 79, p. 90-99, 1995.
MACINTYRE, P. D. Language anxiety: A review of the research for language teachers. In: YOUNG, D. J. (Ed.). Affect in foreign language and second language learning: A practical guide to creating a low-anxiety classroom atmosphere. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1999. p. 24-45.
MACINTYRE, P. D. Motivation, anxiety and emotion in second language acquisition. In: ROBINSON, P. (Ed.). Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002. p. 45-68.
MACINTYRE, P. D.; NOELS, K.A.; CLEMENT, R. Biases in self-ratings of second language proficiency: the role of language anxiety. Language Learning, v. 47, n. 2, p. 265-287. 1997.
MATSUDA, S.; GOBEL, P. Anxiety and predictors of performance in the foreign language classroom. System, v. 32, p. 21-36, 2004.
ONWUEGBUZIE, A. J.; BAILEY, P.; DALEY, C. E. Factors associated with foreign language anxiety. Applied Psycholinguistics, v. 20, p. 217-239, 1999.
OPPENHEIM, A. N. Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement London: Pinter Publishers Ltd, 1992. 312 p.
OTTÓ, I. The relationship between individual differences in learner creativity and language learning success. TESOL Quarterly, v. 32, n. 4, p. 763-773, 1998.
OXFORD, R.; EHRMAN, M. E. Second language research on individual differences. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, v. 13, p. 188-205, 1993.
OXFORD, R. Anxiety and the language learner: New insights. In: ARNOLD, J. (Ed.). Affect in Language Learning Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. p. 58-67.
PÉREZ-PAREDES, P. F.; MARTÍNEZ-SÁNCHEZ, F. A Spanish version of the foreign language classroom anxiety scale: Revisiting Aida's factor analysis. RESLA, v. 14 (2000-2001), p. 337-352, 2000.
PHILLIPS, E. M. The effects of language anxiety on students' oral test performance and attitudes. The Modern Language Journal, v. 76, n. 1, p. 14-26, 1992.
REID, J. Affect in the classroom: problems, politics and pragmatics. In: ARNOLD, J. (Ed.). Affect in Language Learning Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999. p. 297-306.
ROBINSON, P. Individual differences, cognitive abilities, aptitude complexes and learning conditions in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, v. 17, n. 4, p. 368-392, 2001.
ROBINSON, P. (Ed.). Individual Differences and Instructed Language Learning Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002. 385 p.
SAITO, Y.; SAMIMY, K. Foreign language anxiety and language performance: A study of learning anxiety in beginning, intermediate, and advanced-level college students of Japanese. Foreign Language Annals, v. 29, p. 239-251, 1996.
SAITO, Y.; HORWITZ, E. K.; GARZA, T. J. Foreign language reading anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, v. 83, p. 202-218, 1999.
SCOVEL, T. The effect of affect on foreign language learning: A review of the anxiety research. Language Learning, v. 28, p. 129-142, 1978.
SCOVEL, T. Learning New Languages: A Guide to Second Language Acquisition, Boston: Heinle and Heinle, 2001. 158 p.
SEIDLHOFER, B. (Ed.). Controversies in Applied Linguistics Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. 360 p.
SHEEN, Y.H. Recasts, language anxiety, modified output, and L2 learning. Language Learning, v. 58, p. 835-874, 2008.
SKEHAN, P. Individual Differences in Second-Language Learning London: Edward Arnold, 1989. 168 p.
SPARKS, R. J.; GANSCHOW, L. Anxiety about foreign language learning among high school women. The Modern Language Journal, v. 80, p. 199-212, 1996.
SPIELMAN, G.; RADNOFSKY, M. Learning language under tension: New directions from a qualitative study. The Modern Language Journal, v. 85, p. 259-278, 2001.
STEVICK, E. Humanism in Language Teaching: A Critical Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. 168 p.
TSIPLAKIDES, I.; KERAMIDA, A. Helping students overcome foreign language speaking anxiety in the English classroom: Theoretical issues and practical recommendations. International Education Studies, v. 2, n. 4, p. 39-44, 2009.
TURULA, A. Language anxiety and classroom dynamics: A study of adult learners. English Teaching Forum, v. 40, n. 2, p. 28-33, 2004.
VON WÖRDE, R. Students' Perspectives on Foreign Language Anxiety. Inquiry, v. 8, n. 1, p. 21-40, 2003.
YAN, J. X.; HORWITZ, E. K. Learners' perceptions of how anxiety interacts with personal and instructional factors to influence their achievement in English: A qualitative analysis of EFL learners in China. Language Learning, v. 58, p. 151-183, 2008.
YOUNG, D. J. Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest? The Modern Language Journal, v. 75, p. 426-437, 1991.
YOUNG, D. J. (Ed.). Affect in Foreign Language and Second Language Learning: A practical guide to creating a low-anxiety classroom atmosphere, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1999. 273 p.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores de artigos publicados pela RBLA mantêm os direitos autorais de seus trabalhos, licenciando-os sob a licença Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0, que permite que os artigos sejam reutilizados e distribuídos sem restrição, desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.
