Exploring 2020 #ENDSARS Protests’ Components in Nigeria within the Schematics of Social Semiotics
Keywords:
#ENDSARS, below the clause, kinesics, social justice, social semioticsAbstract
This study examined the semiotic resources of the October 2020 #ENDSARS protests in Nigeria, manifesting the affordances operational in the protests. The investigation beckoned on 13 different communicative semiotic configurations, employing Halliday’s grammatical group rank, to delineate the structures. This paved the way for tables and graphs to account for the written modes’ recurrent components. Kinesics such as proxemics, gestures, and gaze supported the analysis, providing relevant semantic implications to non-verbal elements and body language of protesters. This investigation indicated that #ENDSARS hashtag, functioned in variegated forms, as the initiator of the protest, socializing people even without notable leaders. The texts illustrated the suffering of the people from SARS operatives’ gun-punch coercion, as exemplified in a boy-like image’s head, and the cry of agony illuminated through a gestural movement of mouths and hands. Parallel to that is the metaphorical castigation of an innocent young man, manifested through chained hands. Significantly, the research revealed the collective unanimity of the protesters, demonstrated through clenched fists, epitomizing camaraderie of purpose. The protesters made their call to abrogate SARS operations pleasurably-funny in the appearance of a clown and a sacrificial lamb. Given that the idea of social justice is non-negotiable. Demanding a just course should not lead to brutality; the government should rather respond to the request of protesters to fulfill promises made during electioneering campaigns.
Downloads
References
AKERS, R. L. Deviant Behavior: A Social Learning Approach. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1973.
AL JAZEERA. Nigerians want police’s SARS force scrapped, 2017. Available from: <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/15/nigerians-want-polices-sars-force-scrapped>. Accessed on: Apr. 12, 2021.
AL JAZEERA. Nigeria’s SARS: a brief history of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad, 2020a. Available from: <https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/22/sars-a-brief-history-of-a-rogue-unit>. Accessed on: Jan. 20, 2021.
AL JAZEERA. Nigeria Special Police Unit reined in after abuse allegations. Retrieved from, 2020b. Available from: <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/4/nigeria-special-police-reined-in-over-abuse-allegations>. Accessed on: Sep. 15, 2021.
ANDREW, E. Social justice, civil society and the dramatist in democratic Nigeria. Annals of Humanities and Development Studies, Calabar, v. 2, n. 1, p. 153-167, 2010. Available at: <https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ahds/article/view/98073>. Accessed on: Jun 20, 2021.
ARCE, M.; RICE, R. (Org.). Protest and democracy. Chicago: University of Calgary Press, 2019.
BALDRY, S.; THIBAULT, P. Multimodal transcription and text analysis. London: Equinox, 2010.
BANDURA, A. Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
BARTHES, R. The rhetoric of the image. In: BARTHES R. (Org.), Image, music, text. London: Fontana/Collins, 1977. p. 32-51.
BATEMAN, J. Multimodal analysis of film within the GEM framework. Ilha do Desterro Florianopolis: A Journal of English Language, Literatures in English and Cultural Studies, Santa Catarina, n. 64, p. 49-84, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2013n64p49
BATEMAN, J., WILDFEUER, J.; HIIPPALA, T. Multimodality: foundations, research and analysis, a problem-oriented introduction. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2017.
BBC. End SWAT: Nigerians reject police unit replacing hated SARS, 202. Available from: <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54531449>. Accessed on: Jan. 12, 2021.
BEATTIE, G. Rethinking body language. London: Routledge, 2016.
BIRDWHISTELL, R. L. Kinesics and context: essays on body-motion communication. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Press, 1970.
BLOOR, T.; BLOOR, M. Functional analysis of English. Oxon: Routledge, 2013.
BOAL, A. Theatre of the oppressed. London: Photopress, 2000.
BROFRENBRENNER, U. The Ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.
BURNS, K. S. Social media. Santa Barbara/Denver, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2017.
CHARMAZ, K. C. Constructing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2014.
CHOMSKY, N.; HALLE, M. The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row, 1968.
CLARK, J.; YALLOP, C. An introduction to phonetics and phonology. Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
CONYNE, R. K. Preventive counseling: helping people to become empowered in systems and settings. London: Routledge, 2004.
DALAMU, T. O. Euphemism: the commonplace of advertising culture. Acta Scientiarum. Language and Culture, Maringa, Paraná, v. 40, n. 2, p. 1-15, 2018a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascilangcult.v40i2.41107
DALAMU, T. O. Advertising communication: constructing meaning potential through disjunctive grammar. Anagramas Rumbos y Sentidos De La Communicación, Medellín, v. 17, n. 33, p. 73-104, 2018b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22395/angr.v17n33a4
DALAMU, T. O. Halliday’s mood system: a scorecard of literacy in the English grammar in an L2 situation. Revista de Estudos da Linguagem, Belo Horizonte, v. 27, n. 1, p. 241-274, 2019a. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.27.1.241-274.
DALAMU, T. O. A discourse analysis of language choice in MTN® and Etisalat® advertisements in Nigeria. Beau Bassin: LAP, 2019b.
DALAMU, T. O. Illuminating systemic functional grammatics as a viable tool of digital humanities. Digital Studies/le Champ Numerique, Lethbridge, Alberta, v. 9, n. 1:8, p. 1-50, 2019c. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16995/dscn.287.
DALAMU, T. O. Textual Artifact of Advertising: A Thrust of Halliday’s Mood System Resources. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, Belo Horizonte, v. 19, n. 3, p. 407-454, 2019d. DOI: 10.1590/1984-6398201912854.
DALAMU, T. O. Discoursing children characteristics of Zenith Bank®, Nigeria, advertising: an expression of clause as representation. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, Turkey, v. 16, n. 1, p. 333-365, 2020a. DOI: https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/1271/558.
DALAMU, T. O. Investigating multilingual contexts in the nigerian advertising space: a domain of intellectual stimulation. Crossroads: A Journal of English Studies, Bialystok, v. 29, n. 2, p. 4-26, 2020b. DOI:10.15290/cr.2020.29.2.01.
DALAMU, T. O. Black: a persuasive metaphor in guinness stout’s advertisements in Nigeria. Revista de Humanudades, Seville, v. 40(2020), p. 37-68, 2020c. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5944/rdh.40.2020.21415
DALAMU, T. O.; OGUNLUSI, G. Revitalising cultural characteristics in advertising in nigeria within a sketch of systemic paradigm. Anagramas Rumbos Y Sentidos De La Comunicación, Medellín, v. 19, n. 37, p. 13-48, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22395/angr.v19n37a2.
DALAMU, T. O. Social semiotic genre: exploring the interplay of words and images in advertising. AFLLM, Deganat, Barcelona, v. 11(2021), p. 19-51, 2021. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1344/AFLM2021.11.2.
DALAMU, T. O.; YANG, K. Advertising linguistics framework: an instrument of teaching grammar in EFL university classrooms. Crossroads: A Journal of English Studies, Bialystok, v. 38(2022), p. 58-89, 2022a. DOI: http://doi.org/10.15290/CR.2022.38.3.04.
DALAMU, T. O.; YANG, K. Advertising: an entity of business discourse. Ethical Lingua, Palopo, Sulawesi, v. 9, n. 2, p. 723-742, 2022b. DOI: http://doi.org/10.30605/25409190.378.
DALAMU, T. O. Mode, the hub of multimodality: a case study of Oral-B® Toothpaste advertising. DELTA, Sao Paulo-SP, v. 39, n. 2, p. 1-35, 2023a. Available from: < https://www.scielo.br/j/delta/a/5hBQ6dLh8Z7J3h8gZLwD76L/>. Accessed on: May 25, 2023.
DALAMU, T. O. Colour grammatical effects on advertising nuances: a social semiotic analysis. In: TO, V.; AMUNDRUD, T.; HUMPHREY, S. (Org.). Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory and Application in Global Contexts: Selected Papers from the 1st International Online Systemic Functional Linguistics Interest Group Conference. University of Tasmania, Tasmania. 2023b. p. 207-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25959/MKMC-2C45.
DOBSON, A. Justice and the environment: conceptions of environmental sustainability and dimension of social justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
EGGINS, S. Introduction to systemic functional linguistics. London: Continuum, 2004.
ENGELBRECHT, K. The impact of colour on learning. Chicago: Perkins & Will, 2003.
FATUNDE, T. No more oil boom and blood and sweat. Benin City: Adena Publishers, 1985.
FEHRMAN, K. R; FEHRMAN, C. (2000). Color: the secret influence. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall.
FONTAINE, L. Analyzing English grammar: a systemic functional introduction. London: CUP, 2013.
FONTAINE, L., BARTLETT, T; O’GRADY, G. (Org.) Systemic functional linguistics: exploring choice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. p. 115-135.
FORCEVILLE, C. Visual and multimodal communication: applying the relevance principle. Oxford: OUP, 2020.
FORCEVILLE, C.; URIOS-APARISI, E. Multimodal metaphor. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2009.
FRASER, N. Justice interpretations: critical reflections on the “post socialist” condition. London: Routledge, 1989
HALLIDAY, M. A. K; MATTHIESSEN. C. An introduction to functional grammar. London: Hodder Arnold, 2004.
HALLIDAY, M. A. K,; MATTHIESSEN. C. C. Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2014.
HALLIDAY, M. A. K. Language as social semiotic. London: Arnold, 1978.
HALLIDAY, M. A. K. An introduction to functional grammar. London: Arnold, 1995.
HALLIDAY, M. A. K; HASAN, R. Language, context, and text: aspects of language in a sociosemiotic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
JEWITT, C, BEZEMER, J.; O-HALLORAN, K. Introducing multimodality. London: Routledge, 2016.
KABEER, N. Social exclusion, poverty and discrimination: towards an analytical framework. Institute of Development studies Bulletin. Brighton, v. 31, n. 4, p. 6-11, 2000.
KENDON, A. Gesture: visible action as utterance. Cambridge: CUP, 2004.
KENNY, M. E., SPARKS, E.; JACKSON, J. Striving for social justice through interprofessional university school collaboration. In: E. ALDARONDO, E (Org.), Advancing Social Justice through Clinical Practice. Mahwah: Erlbaum, 2004. p. 313–335.
KENNY, M.; HAGE, S. M. The next frontier: prevention as an instrument of social justice. Journal of Primary Prevention, v. 30, n. 1, 2009. p. 1-10. DOI: 10.1007/s10935-008-0163-7.
KOSMITZKI, C.; JOHN, O. The implicit use of explicit conceptions of social intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, Iowa, v. 15, n. 1, p. 11–23, 1993.
KOZOL, J. Savage inequalities: children in America’s schools. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
KRESS, G. Multimodality. a social semiotic approach to contemporary communication. London: Routledge, 2010.
KRESS, G. Multimodal discourse analysis. In: JEWITT, C. (Org.), The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Routledge, 2011. p. 35-50.
KRESS, G.; VAN LEEUWEN, T. Reading images: the grammar of visual design. London: Routledge, 2006.
KRESS, G.; VAN LEEUWEN, T. Reading images: the grammar of visual design. London: Routledge, 2021.
LADU, R. Colour in interior design and architecture. Torento: Library of Congress Catalog, 1989. Available from: < https://www.ala.org/acrl/sites/ala.org.acrl/files/content/publications/booksanddigitalresources/digital/9780838936726_OA.pdf>. Accessed on: Feb. 24, 2022.
LARNYOH, M. Twitter unveils emoji in support of #EndSARS Protests, 2020. Available from: <https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/twitter-unveils-emoji-in-support-of-endsars-protests/7emvggn>. Accessed on: Jul. 15, 2021.
LAUCUKA, A. Communicative functions of hashtags. Economics and Culture, Berlin, v. 15, n. 1, 2018, p. 56-62. DOI: 10.2478/jec-2018-0006.
LINDGREN, S. Digital media & society. London: SAGE, 2017.
MARQUARDT, N., GREENBERG, S., BALLENDAT, T., DIAZ-MARINO, R.; WANG, M. Proxemic Interactions: the new ubicomp?. Interactions, Cidade, v. 18, n.1, p. 42–50, 2011. DOI: 10.1145/1897239.1897250
MAXWELL, J. Qualitative research design: an interactive approach. London: SAGE, 2013.
MCNEIL, D. (2016). Why we gesture: the surprising roles of hand movements in communication. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.
MEIKLE, G. Social media. London: Routledge, 2016.
MORSILLO, J.; PRILLELTENSKY, I. Social action with youth: interventions, evaluation, and psychopolitical validity. Journal of Community Psychology, New York, v. 35, n. 6, p. 725–740, 2007. DOI: 10.1002/jcop.20175.
NNADOZIE, E. How I founded SARS in the Police – RTD CP Midenda, 2017. Available from: <https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/founded-sars-police-rtd-cp-midenda/EmmaNnadozie>. Accessed on: Jul. 23, 2021.
NORRIS, S. Systematically working with multimodal data. New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell, 2019.
O’CONNELL, M. E., BOAT, T.; WARNER, K. E. (Org.). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: progress and possibilities. Washington: National Academies Press, 2009.
ODITA, S. How the mantra ‘SARS’ came about, 2020. Available from: <https://guardian.ng/news/how-the-mantra-sars-came-about/>. Accessed on: Jul. 20, 2021.
OMILANA, T. Fatal Police shooting video of Nigerian man reignites call to #EndSARS, 2020. Available from: <https://guardian.ng/news/fatal-police-shooting-video-of-nigerian-man-reignites-call-to-endsars/>. Accessed on: Jul. 20, 2021.
OMONOBI, K. Police foil attempt to bomb Force Headquarters on June 4, 2011, 2011. Available from: <https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/06/police-foil-attempt-to-bomb-force-headquarters-2/>. Accessed on: Jul. 20, 2021.
PARKINSON, J., HINSHAW, D.; AKINGBULE, G. Young Nigerians came to protest Police brutality: then the shooting started, 2020. Available from: <https://www.wsj.com/articles/young-nigerians-came-to-protest-police-brutality-then-the-shooting-started-11603452187>. Accessed on: Jul. 20, 2021.
PATTON, M. Qualitative research and evaluation methods: integrating theory and practice. London: SAGE, 2015.
PEPPER, D. Eco-socialism: from deep ecology to social justice. London: Routledge, 1993.
PILE, J. Colour in interior design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
PM NEWS Amnesty slams Nigeria for rights abuse, 2010. Available from: <https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2010/05/27/amnesty-slams-nigeria-for-rights-abuse/>. Accessed on: Jul. 20, 2021.
PRILLELTENSKY, I.; NELSON, G. Doing psychology critically: making a difference in diverse settings. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
ROATEN, G.; SCHMIDT, E. Using experiential activities with adolescents to promote respect for diversity. Professional School Counseling, London, v. 12, n. 4, p. 309–314, 2009. DOI: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42732874.
SABBAGH, C.; SCHMITT, M. Handbook of social justice theory and research. London: Springer, 2016.
SAHARA R. After Osinbajo’s order, Police rename SARS ‘Federal Special Anti-Robbery Squad’ (FSARS), 2018. Available from: <http://saharareporters.com/2018/08/14/after-osinbajos-order-police-rename-sars-federal-special-anti-robbery-squad-fsars>. Accessed on: Jul. 20, 2021.
SCHIAVONE, D. B. The effects of exposure to community violence on aspects of adolescent identity development. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, Iowa, 22, n. 2, p. 99–105, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2009.00178.x.
SOYINKA, W. The beatification of ‘Area Boy’. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd, 1995.
SUE, D. Multidimensional facets of cultural competence. The Counseling Psychologist, London, v. 29, 2001. p. 790–821.
THOMPSON, G. Introducing functional grammar. London: Hodder Arnold, 2004.
THOMPSON, G. Introducing functional grammar. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
UCHEAGA, D. Social justice, social crises and political instability in Nigeria. Unical Quarterly Journal, Calabar, v. 1, n. 2, p. 143-158, 1996.
US DEPARTMENT OF STATE. Nigeria country report on human rights practices for 1997, 1998. Available from: <https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/human_rights/1997_hrp_report/nigeria.html#:~:text=The%20Government%20repeatedly%20engaged%20in,on%20citizens’%20right%20to%20privacy>. Accessed on: Jul. 15, 2021.
UYA, O. The civil society and democracy. Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. In: AJAEGBU, H., ST MATHEW-DANIEL, B.; UYA, O. (Org.), Abuja: Federal Ministry of Information, 2000. p. 59-63.
VAN DEN BOS, K. On the subjective quality of social justice: the role of affect as information in the psychology of justice judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Washington, v. 85, n. 3, p. 482–498, 2003. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.482.
VAN LEEUWEN, T. Introducing social semiotics. London: Routledge, 2005.
VAN LEEUWEN, T. Discourse and practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
VANDER WAL, T. Folksonomy coinage and definition, 2007. Available from: <http://www.vanderwal.net/folksonomy.html>. Accessed on: Jul. 20, 2021.
WIKSTROM, P. #srynotfunny: communicative functions of hashtags on Twitter. SKY Journal of Linguistics, Arcanuminkuja, v. 27. p. 127-152, 2014. DiVA, id: diva2:779005.
YULE, G. The study of language. Cambridge: CUP, 2020.
ZAPPAVIGNA, M. Ambient affiliation: a linguistic perspective on Twitter. Journal of New Media and Society, London, v.13, n. 5, p. 788-806, 2011. DOI: 10.1177/1461444810385097.
ZAPPAVIGNA, M. Searchable talk: the linguistic functions of hashtags. Social Semiotics, Abingdon, v. 25, n. 3, p. 274–291, 2015. DOI: 10.1080/10350330.2014.996948.
Esta obra está licenciada com uma Licença 