Skepticism and tolerance in modern philosophy
Keywords:
skepticism, toleration, modern philosophy, skeptical paradoxAbstract
According to Richard Popkin, several factors characterized the beginning of the modern period. Among them, it is worth mentioning the Protestant Reformation, the Conquest of the New World and the Scientific Revolution. We also know that these factors favored the resurgence of skepticism in modernity. There are other scholars, such as Alan Levine and Rainer Forst, who show us that in this period there also arose the need to discuss tolerance, especially in relation to religious wars. In this article I will make a connection between skepticism and tolerance in some of the main authors of modernity, showing that, although skepticism does not necessarily follow any notion of tolerance, the two concepts went hand in hand in modern authors, and that the skeptic would encounter epistemological problems when trying to suspend judgment between tolerance and intolerance.
References
BAYLE, P. (1740). «Dictionnaire historique et critique». Amsterdam, Leyde, La Haye, Utrecht. Disponível em: http://books.google.com (acessado em 31 de dezembro de 2021).
______. “Verbete Pirro do Dicionário Histórico e Crítico”. Sképsis, Ano I, Nr. 2, 2007. pp. 149-69. Tradução de P. Smith.
_____. (1686-88). “A Philosophical Commentary on These Words of the Gospel, Luke 14.23, ‘Compel Them to Come In, That My House May Be Full’”. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2005. Edited, with an Introduction, by John Kilcullen and Chandran Kukathas.
BLACK, S. “Toleration and the Skeptical Inquirer in Locke”. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 28, Nr. 4 (Dec., 1998), pp. 473-504.
CHARRON, P. (1601). «De la sagesse». Paris: Chaignieau, 1797.
DEES, R. “The Paradoxical Principle and Salutary Practice: Hume on Toleration”. Hume Studies, Vol. 31, Nr. 1, 2005.
EMPIRICUS, S. “Outlines of Pyrrhonism”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Ed. Julia Annas & Jonathan Barnes.
EVA, L. “Montaigne contra a vaidade”. São Paulo: Humanitas, 2004.
FORST, R. “Toleration in conflict: past and present”. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
GOLDIE, M., POPKIN, R. “Scepticism, priestcraft, and toleration”. In: GOLDIE, WOKLER (ed.). The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
GROS, J.-M. “Fundamentos e limites de uma teoria filosófica da tolerância: o Comentário filosófico de Pierre Bayle”. Enunciação. Vol. 2, Nr. 2, 2017. pp. 178-208. Trad. M. de Sant’Anna Alves Primo.
HUME, D. (1748/1751). “Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals”. Oxford: Clarendon, 1975.
______. (1740). “Tratado da Natureza Humana”. São Paulo: Unesp, 2000.
______. (1748/1741-42). “Uma Investigação sobre o Entendimento Humano & Ensaios Morais, Políticos e Literários”. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1980.
______. (1757/1779). “Obras sobre religião”. Lisboa: Calouste Gulbenkian, 2005.
LA MOTHE LE VAYER, F. de (1630/1633). «Cinq dialogues faits à l’imitation des anciens & Quatre autres dialogues du mesme auteur». Francfort: Jean Sarius, 1716. 2 Vol.
______. (1643). «Opuscule ou petit traité sceptique sur cette commune façon de parler: n’avoir pas le sens commun». Paris: A. de Sommaville, 1646.
LESSA, R. “Ceticismo e Liberalismo: Reflexões sobre uma possível afinidade eletiva”. Revista de Sociologia e Política. Nr. 3, 1994. pp. 33-40.
LEVINE, A. (ed.). “Early Modern Skepticism and the Origins of Toleration”. Oxford: Lexington Books, 1999.
LOCKE, J. (1689). “An Essay concerning human understanding”. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Pub., 1996.
______. (1689). “Carta acerca da Tolerância & Segundo Tratado sobre o Governo”. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1983.
______. (1689). “Ensaio sobre o Entendimento Humano”. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2012.
______. “Ensaios Políticos”. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2007.
LOQUE, F. “A ‘Carta sobre a Tolerância’ de John Locke: considerações sobre a laicidade”. Kriterion, Vol. 62, 2021, pp. 193-210.
MAIA NETO, J. “O Contexto Religioso-Político da Contraposição entre Pirronismo e Academia na ‘Apologia de Raymond Sebond’”. Kriterion, Vol. 126, 2012. pp. 351-374.
MARCONDES, D. “Montaigne, a Descoberta do Novo Mundo e o Ceticismo Moderno”. Kriterion, Nr. 126, 2012. pp. 421-433.
MONTAIGNE, M. de (1575/1580/1595). “Ensaios”. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1987/1988. 2 Vol. (Col. Os Pensadores).
______. (1575/1580/1595). «Essais». Paris: Lefevre, 1834.
MOUT, N. «Peace without concord: religious toleration in theory and practice”. In: MITCHELL, M. (ed.). The Cambridge history of Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Vol. 6: Reform and Expansion 1500-1660. pp. 227-43.
POPKIN, R. “A História do Ceticismo de Erasmo a Espinosa”. Rio de Janeiro: Francisco Alves, 2000. Trad. D. Marcondes.
TUCK, R. “Scepticism and toleration in the seventeenth century”. In: S. Mendus (ed.). Justifying Toleration: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. pp. 30-44.
VOLTAIRE, F. M. Arouet (1734/1764-69). “Cartas Inglesas, Tratado de Metafísica & Dicionário filosófico”. São Paulo: Nova Cultural, 1988.
______. (1763). “Tratado sobre a Tolerância”. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2000.
______. (1775). “Estórias de Jenni ou o ateu e o sábio”. 2012. E-book disponível em http://www.amazon.com.br. (Acessado em 31 de dezembro 2021).
ZIMMERMANN, F. “Ceticismo e Tolerância em Montaigne”. O que nos faz pensar, Nr. 44, julho de 2019, pp. 190-217.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Revista Kriterion
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
