Perspectiva de Segunda Pessoa em Psicoterapia
as inovações fenomenológicas de Carl Rogers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35699/1676-1669.2023.39998Palavras-chave:
abordagem centrada na pessoa, empatia, incondicionalidade, campo fenomenal, aplicações fenomenológicasResumo
O estudo aponta e analisa as inovações clínicas e científicas de Carl Rogers introduzidas à psicoterapia. O foco está no papel da intersubjetividade, aqui entendida como perspectiva de segunda pessoa, mas sem desconsiderar as contribuições advindas das perspectivas de terceira (evidência experimental) e de primeira pessoa (vivência experiencial). O estudo argumenta que a relevância dada a intersubjetividade, a não-diretividade e a abertura à experiência testifica a confluência entre Rogers e o movimento fenomenológico. Tal confluência é realçada pela atenção ao exame dos fatos e fenômenos em múltiplas perspectivas, orientadas pela ética fenomenológica. Neste sentido, o grande equívoco das comparações entre a teoria de Rogers e a fenomenologia está em tomar como ponto de partida uma dada definição de fenomenologia, e não a vivência e a descrição de eventos fenomenais. Por fim, mostra-se como os estudos científicos de Rogers encontram ressonâncias em pesquisas fenomenológicas contemporâneas aplicadas à psicologia.
Downloads
Referências
Angus, L. E., Boritz, T., Bryntwich, E., Carpenter, N., Macaulay, C. & Khattra, J. (2017). The Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System 2.0: A multi-methodological approach to identifying and assessing narrative-emotion process markers in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 27(3), 253-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1238525
Aristóteles. (1992). Ética a Nicômacos (M. da Gama Kury, Trad.). Edunb.
Boigon M. (1956) Psychotherapy and personality changed edited by Carl R. Rogers and Rosalind F. Dymond. Book Review. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 16(2), 175–185.
Boring, E. G. (1929). A history of experimental psychology. The Century Co.
Brugger, W. (1987). Dicionário de filosofia (A. P. de Carvalho, Trad.). EPU.
Castelo-Branco, P. C. C. & Cirino, S. D. (2022). Carl Rogers e a Recepção da Fenomenologia na Psicologia Estadunidense. Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa, 38, e38405. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e38405
Cook, J. M., Biyanova, T. & Coyne, J. C. (2009). Influential psychotherapy figures, authors, and books: An Internet survey of over 2,000 psychotherapists. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46(1), 42–51. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0015152
Crossley, N. (1996). Intersubjectivity: The fabric of social becoming. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Elliott, R., Greenberg, L. S. & Lietaer G. (2004). Research on Experiential Psychotherapies. In M.J. Lambert (Ed.). Bergin & Garfield‘s Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 493-539). Wiley.
Englander, M. (2020). Phenomenological psychological interviewing. The Humanistic Psychologist, 48(1), 54–73. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/hum0000144
Ferrater-Mora, J. (1979). Intensíon. In Diccionario de filosofia (Vol. 2, pp. 1741-1742). Alianza Editorial.
Fuchs, T. & De Jaegher, H. (2009). Enactive intersubjectivity: Participatory sense-making and mutual incorporation. Phenomenology and the cognitive sciences, 8(4), 465-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-009-9136-4
Fuchs, T. (2013). The phenomenology and development of social perspectives. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 12(4), 655-683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-012-9267-x
Fuchs, T., Messas, G. P. & Stanghellini, G. (2019). More than just description: phenomenology and psychotherapy. Psychopathology, 52(2), 63-66. https://doi.org/10.1159/000502266
Galbusera, L., Fuchs, T., Holm-Hadulla, R. M. & Thoma, S. (2022). Person-centered psychiatry as dialogical psychiatry: The significance of the therapeutic stance. Psychopathology, 55(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000519501
Gallagher, S. (2001). The practice of mind: Theory, simulation or primary interaction? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(5–7), 83–108.
Gomes, W. (2018). Communicational aspects in experimental phenomenology studies on cognition. In A. R. Smith, I. E. Catt & I. E. Klyukanov (Eds.). Communicology for the human sciences (pp. 111-131). Peter Lang.
Gomes, W. B. (2021). Pluralidade de objeto versus pluralismo de concepções em teorias psicológicas. Memorandum: Memória e História em Psicologia, 38. https://doi.org/10.35699/1676-1669.2021.25462
Guareschi. P. A. (2020). Olhares do Alto: Ensaios Críticos. Evangraf.
Hart, J. T. (1970). The development of client-centered therapy. In J. T. Hart & T. M. Tomlinson (Eds.). New directions in client-centered therapy. Houghton Mifflin.
Hjelmslev L. (1961). Prologomena to a theory of language (F. J. Whitfield, Trans.). University of Wisconsin Press.
Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C. & Symonds D. (2011). In J. C. Norcross (Ed.). Psychotherapy relationships that work (pp. 25-69). Oxford University Press, Inc.
Janusz, B. & Peräkylä, A. (2021). Quality in conversation analysis and interpersonal process recall. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 426-449. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/14780887.2020.1780356
Klinke, M. E. & Fernandez, A. V. (2022). Taking phenomenology beyond the first-person perspective: conceptual grounding in the collection and analysis of observational evidence. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-021-09796-1
Lanigan, R. L. (1992). Communicology: An encyclopedic dictionary of the human science. In R. L. Lanigan. The Human science of communicology (pp. 197-244). Duquesne University Press Lanigan.
Mascolo, M. F. & Kallio, E. (2020) The Phenomenology of Between: An Intersubjective Epistemology for Psychological Science, Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 33(1), 1-28. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/10720537.2019.1635924
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1996). Fenomenologia da percepção (C. A. R. de Moura, Trad.). Martins Fontes. (Original publicado em francês em 1945)
Norcross, J. C. & Lambert, M. J. (2018). Psychotherapy relationships that work III. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 303-315. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000193
Parrow, K., Sommers-Flanagan, J., Cova, J. & Lungu, H. (2019). Evidence-based relationship factors: A new focus for mental health counseling research, practice, and training. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 41, 327-342. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.37.2.g13472044600588r
Pienkos, E. & Messas, G. (2018). Preface to the EAWE Portuguese version: A case for a new era of phenomenological psychopathology in psychiatry and clinical psychology. Revista Psicopatologia Fenomenológica Contemporânea, 7(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.37067/rpfc.v7i2.969
Puente, M. (1970). Carl R. Rogers: De la psychothérapie à l’enseignement. Epi.
Reddy, V. (2003). On being the object of attention: implications for self–other consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(9), 397–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00191-8
Ripple, L. (1955). Book Review: Psychotherapy and personality change edited by Carl R. Rogers and Rosalind F. Dymond. Social Service Review, 29(1), 91-94. https://doi.org/10.1086/639786
Rogers C. & Dymond, R. F. (Eds.). (1954). Psychotherapy and Personality Change: Coordinated Research Studies in the Client-Centered Approach. University of Chicago Press.
Rogers C. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.). Psychology: A Study of a science (Vol. 3, pp. 184-256). McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.
Rogers, C. (1951). Client-Centered Therapy. Houghton Mifflin.
Rogers, C. (1967). Carl Rogers. In E. G. Boring & G. Lindzey (Eds.). A history of psychology in autobiography (pp. 341-384). Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Rogers, C. R. (1942). Counseling and Psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin.
Rogers, C. R. (1945). The Nondirective Method as a Technique for Social Research. American Journal of Sociology, 50(4), 279–283. https://doi.org/10.1086/219619
Rogers, C. R. (1958). A process conception of psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 13(4), 142-149. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0042129
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Houghton Mifflin.
Rogers, C. R. (1963). Toward a science of the person. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 3(2), 72–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216786300300208
Rogers, C. R. (1987). Tornar-se pessoa (M. J. C. Ferreira, Trad.). Martins Fontes. (Original publicado em 1961)
Rogers, C. R. (2005). Psicoterapia e Consulta Psicológica (M.J.C. Ferreira, Trad.). Martins Fontes. (Original publicado em 1942)
Rychlak, J. F. (1981). Introduction to personality and psychotherapy. Houghton MIfflin Company.
Schmid, P. F. (2001). Acknowledgement: The art of responding. Dialogical and ethical perspectives on the challenge of unconditional personal relationships in therapy and beyond. In J. Bozard, & P. Wilkins (Eds.). Rogers Therapeutic Conditions Evolution Theory & Practice: Unconditional Positive Regard (Vol. 3, pp. 49–64). PCCS Books.
Schmid, P. F. (2003). The Characteristics of a Person-Centered Approach to Therapy and Counseling: Criteria for identity and coherence. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 2(2), 104-120 https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2003.9688301
Schmid, P. F. (2005). Facilitative responsiveness: Non-directiveness from an anthropological, epistemological and ethical perspective. In B. Levitt (Ed.). Embracing non-directivity: Reassessing person-centred theory and practice in the 21st century (pp. 74–94). PCCS Books
Smith, D. (1982). Trends in counseling and psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 37(7), 802–809. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.37.7.802
Speigelberg H. (1972). Phenomenology in psychology and psychiatry. Northwestern UniversityPress
Stenzel, L. M. (2021). Habilidades terapêuticas interpessoais: A retomada de Carl Rogers na prática da psicologia baseada em evidências. Psicologia Clínica Psic. Clin., 33(3), 557 – 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.33208/PC1980-5438v0033n03A09
Wyatt F. & Williams J. V. (1961) Psychotherapy and Personality Change Edited by Carl R. Rogers and Rosalind F. Dymond, Book Review. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 11(3), 347-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.1961.11508185
Zahavi, D. (2001). Beyond empathy. Phenomenological approaches to intersubjectivity. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(5-7), 151–167.
Zahavi, D. (2015). Self and other: from pure ego to co-constituted we. Continental Philosophy Review, 48(2), 143-160.
Zlatev,J. (2008). The co-evolution of intersubjectivity and bodily mimesis. In J. Zlatev, T. P. Racine, C. Sinha & E. Itkonen (Eds.). The shared mind: Perspectives on intersubjectivity (pp. 215-244). NL. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Memorandum: Memória e História em Psicologia
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Os trabalhos publicados na revista eletrônica Memorandum: Memória e História em Psicologia são licenciados sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
Todo o conteúdo deste periódico, exceto onde está identificado, está licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Comons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional. 