Corpora e linguística histórica
Parole chiave:
Corpora históricos eletrônicos, etodologia de estudos de corpora, recursos eletrônicos, colaboração interdisciplinarAbstract
Este artigo objetiva fazer um levantamento e avaliar o estado da arte dos corpora históricos eletrônicos e da metodologia de estudos de corpora, assim como sugerir possíveis desenvolvimentos futuros na área. Destaca-se que dentro do espectro metodológico da linguística de corpus, a linguística de corpus histórica emergiu como um campo de investigação vibrante que tem adicionado interesse ao estudo da história e da mudança linguística. De acordo com um pesquisador da área com mais de cinqüenta anos de experiência, "pode-se dizer que sem o apoio e o novo ímpeto trazidos pelos corpora, a linguística histórica baseada em evidências teria estado próxima ao fim de sua vida nesses tempos de rápidas mudanças de vida e de pesquisa, aumentando a competição na carreira acadêmica e nas atrações metodológicas oferecidas aos jovens pesquisadores (RISSANEN, no prelo). Corpora históricos e outros recursos eletrônicos têm também tornado o estudo da história da língua atraente: eles engajam a atenção dos estudantes tanto de forma individual quanto interativa (CURZAN 2000, p. 81).
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Riferimenti bibliografici
Corpora and other electronic resources
ARCHER (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers), version 3.1. 2006. See http://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/research/projects/archer/.
BLOB-1931 corpus. In progress. Compiled by Geoffrey Leech, Paul Rayson and Nick Smith. See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/BLOB-1931/index.html.
Bonner Frühneuhochdeutsch Korpus. See http://korpora.zim.uni-duisburgessen.de/Fnhd/.
Brown Corpus (A Standard Corpus of Present-day Edited American English, for Use with Digital Computers). 1964 (original version). Compiled by W. Nelson Francis and Henry Kučera (Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island). See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/BROWN/index.html.
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. See http://cil.bbaw.de/.
Corpus of Early English Correspondence. 1998. Compiled by Terttu Nevalainen, Helena Raumolin-Brunberg, Jukka Keränen, Minna Nevala, Arja Nurmi and Minna Palander-Collin (Department of English, University of Helsinki). For the corpus family, see http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/CEEC/index.html.
Corpus of Early English Correspondence Sampler. 1998. Compiled by Jukka Keränen, Minna Nevala, Terttu Nevalainen, Arja Nurmi, Minna Palander-Collin and Helena Raumolin-Brunberg (Department of English, University of Helsinki).
Corpus of Early English Medical Writing 13751800. In progress. Compiled by Irma Taavitsainen, Päivi Pahta et al. (University of Helsinki). See Middle English Medical Texts and Early Modern English Medical Texts.
A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760. 2006. Compiled under the supervision of Merja Kytö (Uppsala University) and Jonathan Culpeper (Lancaster University). See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/CED/index.html.
Corpus of Historical American English. 2010. Compiled by Mark Davies (Brigham Young University). See http://corpus.byu.edu/coha/.
A Corpus of Irish English. 2003. Compiled by Raymond Hickey (University of Duisburg-Essen). See http://www.uni-due.de/CP/CIE.htm.
Corpus of Late Modern English Texts (Extended Version). 2006. Compiled by Hendrik De Smet (Department of Linguistics, University of Leuven). See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/CLMETEV/.
Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. See http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mec/about/.
A Corpus of Nineteenth-century English. Compiled by Merja Kytö (Uppsala University) and Juhani Rudanko (University of Tampere). See Kytö, Merja, Juhani Rudanko and Erik Smitterberg (eds.), Nineteenth-century English: Stability and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Corpus of Oz Early English. 1998–2004. Compiled by Clemens Fritz (Free University of Berlin). See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/COOEE/.
Corpus of Scottish Correspondence, 1500–1715. Compiled by Anneli Meurman-Solin (University of Helsinki). See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/CSC/index.html.
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Early English Books Online (EEBO). See http://eebo.chadwyck.com/home.
Early Modern English Medical Texts. 2010. Compiled by Irma Taavitsainen, Päivi Pahta, Turo Hiltunen, Ville Marttila, Martti Mäkinen, Maura Ratia, Carla Suhr and Jukka Tyrkkö. CD-ROM with software by Raymond Hickey included in Irma Taavitsainen and Päivi Pahta (eds.), Early Modern English Medical Texts: Corpus Description and Studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/CEEM/EMEMTindex.html. See, also, Corpus of Early English Medical Writing.
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An Electronic Text Edition of Depositions 1560–1760. Forthcoming (2011).
See Kytö, Merja, Peter J. Grund and Terry Walker, Testifying to Language and Life in Early Modern England. Including a CD containing An Electronic Text Edition of Depositions 15601760 (ETED). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
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English-Swedish Drama Dialogue. In progress. Compiled by Linnéa Anglemark, Merja Kytö, Ulla Melander Marttala and Mats Thelander (Department of English and Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University).
F-LOB (Freiburg-LOB Corpus of British English). 1999 (original version), 2007 (POS-tagged version). Original version compiled by Christian Mair (AlbertLudwigs-Universität Freiburg); POS-tagged version compiled by Christian Mair (Albert Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg) and Geoffrey Leech (Lancaster University). See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/FLOB/index.html.
Frown Corpus (Freiburg-Brown Corpus of American English). 1999 (original version), 2007 (POS-tagged version). Original version compiled by Christian Mair (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg); POS-tagged version compiled by Christian Mair (Albert Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg) and Geoffrey Leech (Lancaster University). See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/FROWN/index.html.
GerManC. In progress. Compiled by Martin Durrell, Paul Bennett, Silke Scheible and Richard J. Witt. See http://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/research/projects/germanc/.
The Helsinki Corpus of English Texts. 1991. Compiled by Matti Rissanen (Project leader), Merja Kytö (Project secretary); Leena Kahlas-Tarkka, Matti Kilpiö (Old English); Saara Nevanlinna, Irma Taavitsainen (Middle English); Terttu Nevalainen, Helena Raumolin-Brunberg (Early Modern English) (Department of English, University of Helsinki). See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/HelsinkiCorpus/index.html.
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Lampeter Corpus of Early Modern English Tracts. See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/LC/index.html and http://khnt.hit.uib.no/icame/manuals/LAMPETER/LAMPHOME.HTM.
Lancaster Newsbook Corpus. See http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/projects/newsbooks/.
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LOB (Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen Corpus). 1976 (original version), 1986 (POStagged version). Compiled by Geoffrey Leech, Stig Johansson, Knut Hofland and Roger Garside. See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/LOB/index.html.
A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (11501325), version 2.1. 2008. Compiled by Margaret Laing and Roger Lass (Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh). See http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/laeme1.html.
A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots, Phase 1 (13801500). 2008 (current version). © 2007 Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh. See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/LAEME/index.html and http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laos1/laos1.html.
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A London Provisioner's Chronicle, 1550–1563, by Henry Machyn: Manuscript, Transcription, and Modernization. 2006. Edited by Richard W. Bailey, Marilyn Miller and Colette Moore. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press; Scholarly Publishing Office of the University of Michigan University Library. See http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/machyn/.
London-Lund Corpus of Spoken English. 1980 (original version). Compiled by Jan Svartvik. See http://khnt.hit.uib.no/icame/manuals/LONDLUND/INDEX.HTM.
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Middle English Medical Texts. 2005. Compiled by Irma Taavitsainen, Päivi Pahta and Martti Mäkinen. CD-ROM with software by Raymond Hickey. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/CEEM/MEMTindex.html. See, also, Corpus of Early English Medical Writing.
Mitterhochdeutsche Begriffsdatenbank. See http://mhdbdb.sbg.ac.at:8000/index.en.html.
Old Bailey Corpus. See The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, London's Central Criminal Court, 1674 to 1913 available at http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/. See, also, http://www.uni-giessen.de/oldbaileycorpus/index.php.
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Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence, parsed version. 2006. Annotated by Ann Taylor, Arja Nurmi, Anthony Warner, Susan Pintzuk, and Terttu Nevalainen. Compiled by the CEEC Project Team. York: University of York and Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence, tagged version. 2006. Annotated by Arja Nurmi, Ann Taylor, Anthony Warner, Susan Pintzuk, and Terttu Nevalainen. Compiled by the CEEC Project Team. York: University of York and Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence, text version. 2006. Compiled by Terttu Nevalainen, Helena Raumolin-Brunberg, Jukka Keränen, Minna Nevala, Arja Nurmi and Minna Palander-Collin, with additional annotation by Ann Taylor. Helsinki: University of Helsinki and York: University of York.
Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English. See http://www.ling.upenn.edu/hist-corpora/.
Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English. See http://www.ling.upenn.edu/hist-corpora/.
Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English (second edition). See http://www.ling.upenn.edu/hist-corpora/.
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Sociopragmatic Corpus, a Specialised Sub-Section of A Corpus of English Dialogues 15601760. 2007. Compiled by Jonathan Culpeper and Dawn Archer (Lancaster University).
Svenska Akademiens ordbok. See http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/.
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Time Corpus (Time Magazine Corpus of American English). 2007. Compiled by Mark Davies (Brigham Young University). See http://corpus.byu.edu/time/.
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York-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Poetry. 2001. Compiled by Susan Pintzuk and Leendert Plug (University of York). See http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~lang18/pcorpus.html.
York-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose. 2003. Compiled by Ann Taylor, Anthony Warner, Susan Pintzuk, Frank Beths (University of York). See http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~lang22/YcoeHome1.htm.
Zurich English Newspaper Corpus. Version 1.0. 2004. Compiled by Udo Fries, Hans Martin Lehmann, Beni Ruef, Peter Schnieder, Patrick Studer, Caren auf dem Keller, Beat Nietlispach, Sandra Engler, Sabine Hensel and Franziska Zeller (University of Zurich). See http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/ZEN/index.html.
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