Um olhar subjacente ao modelo de Kachru (1982, 1985) de três círculos de "World Englishes"
a realidade escondida e desafios atuais
Palavras-chave:
modelo de três círculos, imigração, multiculturalismo, diversidade étnica, preconceitoResumo
Este artigo tem a finalidade de examinar o modelo pioneiro de "World Englishes" proposto por Kachru a partir da década de 80 do século passado que aloca a presença de inglês no mundo em três círculos concêntricos: em primeiro lugar, o círculo interno (Reino Unido, Estados Unidos) onde a língua inglesa funciona como uma L1 (ou língua nativa); em segundo lugar, no círculo externo (Índia, Nigéria) onde o idioma foi impingido aos povos subjugados pelo poderio britânico; e em terceiro lugar, no círculo em expansão (China, Brazil) onde o inglês é estudado como língua estrangeira. Os pesquisadores no campo dos estudos da linguagem tendem a exigir demais do modelo de Kachru esperando que desvende nos diferentes círculos: (i) o nível de proficiência dos falantes, (ii) a variação que existe entre as diferentes variedades do idioma e (iii) como os diferentes usuários se apropriam do inglês para o desempenho de suas atividades diárias. Pung (2009) sugere, por um lado, de "ir além" do modelo de três círculos com base na sua proposta de um Modelo Cônico de Inglês (Conical Model of English (CME) enquanto, por outro lado, Park e Wee (2009) afirmam que os modelos não oferecem "uma eficiência mágica no questionamento das ideologias dominantes do Inglês" (tradução minha) e acrescentam que são os seres humanos que realizam mudanças no mundo e não os modelos. Com base na cautela por parte de Park e Lee com respeito à problemática de modelos e ao invés da postura de Pung de "ir além" do conhecido modelo idealizado por Kachru, a finalidade deste trabalho é a de olhar por baixo do referido modelo, especificamente o círculo interno, isto é, o suposto "domínio do falante nativo". Argumentamos nesta reflexão que os círculos funcionam como um palimpsesto que apaga e ignora o que sucedera no passado, linguística, histórica e culturalmente, antes do surgimento do Inglês que esse idioma ocupa atualmente nos círculos interno, externo e em expansão. Um exame de tempos e dias passados com um enfoque no círculo interno kachruviano pode apresentar um espelho para examinar; (i) preconceito contra bilinguismo e multilinguismo, (ii) migração de seres humanos e o tratamento de imigrantes, (iii) respeito (ou falta de) dos direitos linguísticos e culturais de minorias e (v) a hegemonia do Inglês com relação a outras línguas- temas que nos preocupam hoje e também nos anos vindouros.
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