"Todas as coisas revestidas da glória de magnífica igualdade". Dois conceitos estadunidenses de biopolítica do século XIX: Edward Payson Evans versus Voltairine de Cleyre
Publicado 17-10-2025
Palavras-chave
- história ambiental,
- história do direito,
- biopolítica,
- ecofeminismos decoloniais,
- estudos animais
Copyright (c) 2025 Eva Botella Ordinas

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Como Citar
Resumo
Este artigo analisa dois conceitos contrastantes da biopolítica estadunidense contemporânea do final do século XIX. O primeiro, o de Edward Payson Evans, incluído em obras sobre ecologia e direitos dos animais como pioneiro do biocentrismo e contra o antropocentrismo. O segundo, o de Voltairine de Cleyre, excluído pela mesma literatura. Para o efeito, interpreta os seus textos sobre animais, natureza e cultura, direito e justiça, recorrendo a uma abordagem transdisciplinar e a uma perspetiva ecofeminista decolonial crítica. Metodologicamente, utiliza fontes, bibliografia e ferramentas da filosofia, da história política e intelectual, da ciência, do direito, da biologia e da etnobiologia. Introduz o problema da descontextualização da recepção atual de Evans, para depois abordar, na segunda e terceira seções, a sua conceção de animal politics, e de justiça e direito, respetivamente. Na quarta e quinta secções, estuda a obra de Voltairine de Cleyre sobre as mesmas questões. O resultado é que a biopolítica de Evans é uma necropolítica, ao contrário da de Cleyre, cuja biopolítica é ecofeminista não essencialista. Na conclusão defende que a sua perspetiva, tal como a de outras vozes silenciadas, tem de ser incluída nas histórias ecológicas para sustentar a vida neste planeta comum.
Downloads
Referências
- AGNEL, Emile. Curiosités judiciaires et historiques du moyen âge. Procès contre les animaux. Paris, J. B. Dumoulin, 1858. Disponible en: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54808x/f1.item.
- ANDRADE, Oswald de. Manifesto antropófago. Revista de Antropofagia, São Paulo, n. 1, pp. 3, 7, 1928. Disponible en: https://icaa.mfah.org/s/es/item/771303#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1051%2C0%2C3584%2C2005.
- ANTHROPOCENTRISM. Disponible en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocentrism. Acceso en: 25 de junio de 2025.
- AVRICH, Paul; HELMS, Robert P. An American Anarchist. The life of Voltairine de Cleyre. Oakland: AK Press, 2018. Disponible en: https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/paul-avrich-an-american-anarchist.pdf.
- BEIRNE, Piers. On the Geohistory of Justiciable Animals: Was Britain a Deviant Case? In: BEIRNE, Piers. Murdering Animals: Writings On Theriocide, Homicide and Nonspeciesist Criminology. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57468-8_4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57468-8_4
- BEIRNE, Piers. The Law Is an Ass: Reading EP Evans' The Medieval Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals. Society & Animals, v. 2, n. 1, pp. 27-46, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156853094X00063
- BERKMAN, Alexander (ed.) Selected Works of Voltairine de Cleyre. New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association, 1914.
- BERNARDES, MANOEL. Nova floresta. T. 1. Lisboa: Valentim da Costa, 1706.
- BOTELLA–ORDINAS, Eva. Leyendas imperiocéntricas, memoria oficial e historias descoloniales. EHumanista. Journal of Iberian Studies, v. 50, n. 1, pp. 54 – 73, 2022. Disponible en: http://hdl.handle.net/10486/716809.
- BOTTICI, Chiara. Ecofeminism as decolonial and transindividual ecology. (Des)troços: revista de pensamento radical, Belo Horizonte, v. 2, n. 2, pp. 141–162, 2022. Disponible en: https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/revistadestrocos/article/view/36735. Acceso en: 27 jun. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53981/destroos.v2i2.36735
- BRATMAN, Eve Z. Saving the Other Bees: The Resurgence of Stingless Beekeeping in the Zona Maya, Conservation & Society, v. 18, n. 4, pp. 387–98, 2020. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_20_66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_20_66
- BRIGATI, A. J. The Voltairine de Cleyre Reader. Oakland: AK Press, 2004.
- CLEMINSON, Richard. Anarchism and Eugenics: An Unlikely Convergence, 1890-1940. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526124470
- COHEN, Esther. Law, Folklore and Animal Lore. Past and Present, v. 110, pp. 6-37, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/past/110.1.6
- COSTA NETO, Eraldo Medeiros; RAMOS-ELORDUY, Julieta. Los insectos comestibles de Brasil: etnicidad, diversidad e importancia en la alimentación, Boletín de la SEA, n. 38, pp. 423-442, 2006. Disponible en: http://sea-entomologia.org/PDF/GeneraInsectorum/GE-0062.pdf.
- DAYAN, Colin. The Law Is a White Dog: How Legal Rituals Make and Unmake Persons. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691070919.001.0001
- DE CARVALHO CABRAL, Diogo. Desbroces significativos: paisajes negociados entre humanos y hormigas en el Brasil del siglo XIX. 452ºF. Revista de Teoría de la literatura y Literatura Comparada, v. 30, pp. 87-113, 2024. Disponible en: https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/452f/article/view/45747. Acceso en: 3 jul. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1344/452f.2024.30.5
- DE CLEYRE, Voltairine, carta a Alexander Berkman, 7 de agosto de 1906. Disponible en: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Letter_of_Voltarine_de_Cleyre_to_Alexander_Berkman,_August_7,_1906.jpg.
- DE SOUSA SÁ, Ana Priscila. ENTRE CATILINÁRIAS E OS ÍNDIOS BRAVOS: Um debate historiográfico, Outros Tempos: Pesquisa em Foco - História. v. 18, n. 31, pp. 38-58, 2021. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.18817/ot.v18i31.822. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18817/ot.v18i31.822
- DICKINSON, Edwin DeWitt. The Analogy Between Natural Persons and International Persons in the Law of Nations, The Yale Law Journal, New Haven, v. 26, n. 7, pp. 564–591, 1917. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/787249
- ESPINER, Seònaid Mary-Kate. How Should We Live? A Study of Social Critical Theory, Feminist Utopianism, Anarchism and Eco-Political Thought. PhD, Lincoln: Lincoln University, 2019.
- EVANS, Edward Payson. Ethical Relations Between Man and Beast, Popular Science Monthly, New York, v. 45, September 1894.
- EVANS, Edward Payson. The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals. London: William Heinemann, 1906.
- FINKELSTEIN, Jacob J. The Ox That Gored, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, v. 71, n. 2, pp. 48–7, 1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1006346
- GIRGEN, Jen. The Historical and Contemporary Prosecution and Punishment of Animals, Animal Law, v. 9, pp. 97-133, 2003. Disponible en: http://www.animallaw.info/journals/jo_pdf/lralvol9_p97.pdf.
- GIRÓN, Álvaro. Eugenesia Y Anarquismo En El Primer Neomalthusianismo Libertario Barcelonés, 1896-1915, História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos, v. 25, pp. 87-103, 2018. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702018000300006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702018000300006
- GIRÓN, Álvaro. Metáforas finiseculares del declive biológico: degeneración y revolución en el anarquismo español (1872-1914), Asclepio: Revista de historia de la medicina y de la ciencia, v. 51, n. 1, pp. 247-274, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.1999.v51.i1.331
- GOLDER, Lauren J. A Politics of Suffering: Anarchism and Embodiment in the Life of Voltairine de Cleyre. Gender & History, v. 36, n. 2, pp. 474-492, 2024. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12678. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12678
- GOODALL, Alex. Passing the Torch? Anglo-American Encounters in the British West Indies and Negotiating White Supremacy, c. 1865–1914, Journal of World History, Honolulu, v. 34, n. 1, pp. 15-45, 2023. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2023.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2023.0001
- GROTIUS, Hugo. The Rights of War and Peace, Edited and with an Introduction by Richard Tuck, from the Edition by Jean Barbeyrac. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2005. Disponible en: http://files.libertyfund.org/files/1425/1032-01_LFeBk.pdf.
- HALL, Lesley A. Eugenics, Sex and the State: Some Introductory Remarks. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, v. 39, n. 2, pp. 177-180, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.03.011
- HARAWAY, Donna. Introduction. In: LE GUIN, Ursula K. The Carrier Bag Theory of Fiction. London: Ignota, 2019. pp. 9-24.
- HRIBAL, Jason. Fear of the Animal Planet: The Hidden History of Animal Resistance. Oakland/Petrolia: AK Press/CounterPunch, 2010.
- HUMPHREY, Nicholas. The Mind Made Flesh: Essays from the Frontiers of Psychology and Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
- HUXLEY, Thomas Henry. Evolution and Ethics. In: HUXLEY, Thomas Henry. Collected Essays IX. London: Richard Clay & Sons, 1894.
- Jornal de Timon, 1858, nº 11 y 12. Disponible en: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=coo.31924020004077;page=ssd;view=plaintext;seq=405;num=391#seq405.
- KELLY, Edmond. Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology, by E. P. Evans; The Psychology of Suggestion, by Boris Sidis. Political Science Quarterly, v. 13, n. 2, pp. 355–357, 1898. https://doi.org/10.2307/2140182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2140182
- LANGFUR, Hal. Native Brazil: Beyond the Convert and the Cannibal, 1500-1900. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2014.
- LEONARD, Thomas C. Mistaking Eugenics for Social Darwinism: Why Eugenics Is Missing from the History of American Economics. History of Political Economy, v. 37, n. 1, pp. 200-233, 2005. Disponible en: https://www.princeton.edu/~tleonard/papers/mistaking.pdf. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-37-Suppl_1-200
- LESCHIUTTA, Pierpaolo. Le bestie delinquenti. Rappresentazioni del mondo animale nell’antropologia dei positivisti. Quaderni dell'Istituto Universitario Orientale, Napoli, Anno III, Nuova Serie, n. 3/4, 1989.
- LEVINE, Philippa. Eugenics: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199385904.001.0001
- LINE, Philip. Humans and Other Animals in the Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004721708_008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004721708
- LÖWY, Michael. The Romantic and the Marxist Critique of Modern Civilization. Theory and Society, Dordrecht, v. 16, n. 6, pp. 891-904, 1987. Disponible en: http://www.jstor.org/stable/657542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00138073
- MACGREGOR, L. B. Criminalising Animals in Medieval France: Insights from Records of Executions. Open Library of Humanities, v. 5, n.1, pp. 1–20, 2019. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.16995/olh.319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16995/olh.319
- MASJUAN I BRACONS, Eduard. La ecología humana en el anarquismo ibérico: urbanismo “orgánico” o ecológico, neomalthusianismo y naturismo social. Barcelona: Icaria, 2000.
- MOLINA ROA, Javier. Sobre los juicios a los animales y su influencia en el derecho animal actual. In: GARCÍA PACHÓN, María del Pilar. Lecturas sobre derecho del medio ambiente. Tomo XVI. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia, 2016. pp. 122-157. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.57998/bdigital.handle.001.2339.
- O’GORMAN, Emily; GAYNOR, Andrea. More-Than-Human Histories. Environmental History, v. 25, n. 4, pp. 711–735, 2020. Disponible en: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1093/envhis/emaa027#xref_emaa027-en37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emaa027
- PALCZEWSKI, Catherine Helen. Voltairine De Cleyre: Sexual Slavery and Sexual Pleasure in the Nineteenth Century, NWSA Journal, v. 7, n. 3, pp. 54–68, 1995.
- PATTON, Mark. Science, Politics and Business in the Work of Sir John Lubbock: A Man of Universal Mind. (Science, Technology and Culture, 1700–1945). Farnham: Ashgate, 2007.
- PEARN, Alison. The Teacher Taught? What Charles Darwin Owed to John Lubbock. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, v. 68, n. 1, pp. 7–19, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2013.0052
- PRESLEY, Sharon; SARTWELL, Crispin (eds.) Exquisite Rebel: The Essays of Voltairine De Cleyre. New York: SUNY Press, 2005.
- RITVO, Harriet. The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in Victorian England. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.
- ROBBINS, Caroline. ‘When It Is That Colonies May Turn Independent:’ An Analysis of the Environment and Politics of Francis Hutcheson (1694-1746). The William and Mary Quarterly, Williamsburg, v. 11, n. 2, pp. 214–51, 1954. Disponible en: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1922040.pdf. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1922040
- SAUNDERS, David. The Natural Jurisprudence of Jean Barbeyrac: Translation as an Art of Political Adjustment. Eighteenth–Century Studies, v. 36, n. 4, pp. 473–490, 2003. Disponible en: https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:67225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2003.0053
- SEARS, Hal D. The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977. Disponible en: https://archive.org/details/sexradicalsfreel0000sear. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17161/1808.32219
- SEGATO, Rita. Contra-pedagogías de la crueldad. Buenos Aires: Prometeo Libros, 2018.
- SEGATO, Rita. La guerra contra las mujeres. Madrid: Traficantes de Sueños, 2016.
- SLEIGH, Charlotte. Ant. London: Reaktion Books, 2003.
- SLEIGH, Charlotte. Six Legs Better: A Cultural History of Myrmecology. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/book.3317
- VERON, Ophelie; WHITE, Richard. Anarchism, Feminism and Veganism: A Convergence of Struggles. In: SPRINGER, Simon; MATEER, Jennifer; LOCRET-COLLET, Martin; ACKER, Maleea (eds.). Undoing human supremacy: Anarchist Political Ecology in the Face of Anthroparchy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 65-88, 2021. Disponible en: https://shura.shu.ac.uk/28200/10/ELEMENTS%20Veron%20and%20White%202021%20Anarchism%20feminism%20and%20veganism%282%29.pdf.
- "VOLTAI'S HOSPITAL and her patient" (sitting in window with cat), 1898. In the digital collection Labadie Photograph Collection, University of Michigan. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/scl/x-lpf.0222/lpf0222. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Acceso en: 13 jun. 2025.