Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Political animals: animality, community, and the future body politic (continuous publication)
Special Dossier

The politics of sight and bearing witness to animal suffering: lessons from the sociology of human rights

Annie Bernatchez
University of Ottawa
Bio
José Julián López
University of Ottawa
Bio

Published 2025-10-28

Keywords

  • animal rights,
  • bearing witness,
  • critical substantivism,
  • human rights,
  • politics of sight

How to Cite

BERNATCHEZ, Annie; LÓPEZ, José Julián. The politics of sight and bearing witness to animal suffering: lessons from the sociology of human rights. (Des)troços: revista de pensamento radical, Belo Horizonte, v. 6, n. 2, p. e60286, 2025. DOI: 10.53981/destrocos.v6i2.60286. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/revistadestrocos/article/view/60286. Acesso em: 7 dec. 2025.

Funding data

Abstract

Bearing witness is a strategy used by both Human and Animal rights activists. For Animal Justice Citizen Activists (AJCAs), bearing witness is linked to a politics of sight enacted through farm occupation. This article draws on previous analyses of the Canadian context: text media coverage of four farm occupations, two provincial ag-gag laws, and in-depth interviews with AJCAs. Using Kurasawa’s critical substantive approach, we conceptualize this politics of sight as a mode of ethico-political practice that draws attention to the tasks and perils of bearing witness. This approach, we argue, reveals challenges otherwise concealed by existing sociological frameworks.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. ADAMS, Carol J. The sexual politics of meat: a feminist-vegetarian critical theory. 20th anniversary ed. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2010.
  2. ALEXANDER, Jeffrey C. The civil sphere. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  3. BEAUCHAMP, Tom L.; FREY, R. G. The Oxford handbook of animal ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  4. BEIRNE, Piers. Theriocide: naming animal killing. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, v. 3, n. 2, pp. 49–66, 2014.
  5. BERNATCHEZ, Annie. Animal justice citizen activism in Canada: paradox in the politics of sight. Journal for Critical Animal Studies, v. 19, n. 2, pp. 4–26, 2022.
  6. BERNATCHEZ, Annie. Emotional reflexivity in the animal justice politics of sight: embodied moral shock and limit of the emotional repertoire. Emotions and Society Journal, pp. 1–16, 2023.
  7. BOYKOFF, Jules. Beyond bullets: the suppression of dissent in the United States. Oakland: AK Press, 2007.
  8. CAVALIERI, Paola. The animal question: why nonhuman animals deserve human rights. Oxford: University Press, 2001.
  9. CLARK, Stephen R. L. Animals in classical and late antique philosophy. In: Beauchamp, Tom L.; FREY, R. G. (ed.). The Oxford handbook of animal ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. pp. 35–60.
  10. COHEN, Carl; REGAN, Tom. The animal rights debate: point/counterpoint. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001.
  11. COHEN, Stanley. States of denial: knowing about atrocities and suffering. Malden: Blackwell Publishers, 2001.
  12. DARDENNE, Émilie. Introduction aux études animales. Paris: Presses Universitaires France, 2020.
  13. DECKHA, Maneesha. The Save Movement and farmed animal suffering: the advocacy benefits of bearing witness as a template for law. Canadian Journal of Comparative and Contemporary Law, v. 5, pp. 77–110, 2019.
  14. DEL GANDIO, Jason; NOCELLA II, Anthony J. (ed.). The terrorization of dissent: corporate repression, legal corruption, and the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act. New York: Lantern Books, 2014.
  15. DHONT, Kristof; HODSON, Gordon (ed.). Why we love and exploit animals: bridging insights from academia and advocacy. Milton: Routledge, 2019.
  16. DONALDSON, Sue; KYMLICKA, Will. Zoopolis: a political theory of animal rights. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  17. FRANCIONE, Gary L. Animals, property, and the law. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995.
  18. FRANCIONE, Gary L. Introduction to animal rights: your child or the dog? Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000.
  19. FRANCIONE, Gary L.; GARNER, Robert. The animal rights debate: abolition or regulation? New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
  20. GARRETT, Aaron. Animals and ethics in the history of modern philosophy. In: BEAUCHAMP, Tom L.; FREY, R. G. (ed.). The Oxford handbook of animal ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. pp. 61–90.
  21. GELBER, Katharine; O’SULLIVAN, Siobhan. Cat got your tongue? Free speech, democracy and Australia’s ‘ag-gag’ laws. Australian Journal of Political Science, v. 56, n. 1, pp. 19–34, 2021.
  22. GILLESPIE, Kathryn. Witnessing animal others: bearing witness, grief, and the political function of emotion. Hypatia, v. 31, n. 3, pp. 572–588, 2016.
  23. GUITHER, Harold D. Animal rights: history and scope of a radical social movement. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998.
  24. HAFNER-BURTON, Emilie M. Making human rights a reality. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2013.
  25. HANSSON, Niklas; JACOBSSON, Kerstin. Learning to be affected: subjectivity, sense, and sensibility in animal rights activism. Society & Animals, v. 22, n. 3, pp. 262–288, 2014.
  26. HELD, David. Cosmopolitanism: ideals and realities. Cambridge: Polity, 2010.
  27. HILL, David W. Bearing witness, moral responsibility and distant suffering. Theory, Culture & Society, v. 36, n. 1, pp. 27–45, 2019.
  28. HONNETH, Axel. Visibilité et invisibilité: sur l’épistémologie de la reconnaissance. La Revue du MAUSS, n. 23, p. 137–151, 2004.
  29. HOPGOOD, Stephen. Keepers of the flame: understanding Amnesty International. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2006.
  30. HOPGOOD, Stephen. The end times of human rights. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2013.
  31. HORTA, Oscar; ALBERSMEIER, Frauke. Defining speciesism. Philosophy Compass, v. 15, n. 11, pp. 1–9, 2020.
  32. IGNATIEFF, Michael. Human rights as politics and idolatry. University Center for Human Values Series. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001.
  33. JOY, Melanie. Why we love dogs, eat pigs, and wear cows: an introduction to carnism: the belief system that enables us to eat some animals and not others. San Francisco: Conari Press, 2010.
  34. KRAJNC, Anita. Bearing witness: is giving thirsty pigs water criminal mischief or duty. Animal Law, v. 23, n. 2, pp. 479–498, 2017.
  35. KURASAWA, Fuyuki. The work of global justice: human rights as practices. Cambridge Cultural Social Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  36. KYMLICKA, Will. Human rights without human supremacism. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, v. 48, n. 6, pp. 763–792, 2018.
  37. LAZARE, Jodi. Animal rights activism and the Constitution: are ag-gag laws justifiable limits? Osgoode Hall Law Journal, v. 59, n. 1, pp. 667–706, 2022.
  38. LOCKWOOD, Alex. Bodily encounter, bearing witness and the engaged activism of the Global Save Movement. Animal Studies Journal, v. 7, n. 1, pp. 104–126, 2018.
  39. LÓPEZ, José Julián. Human rights as political imaginary. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
  40. LOVITZ, Dara. Muzzling a movement: the effects of anti-terrorism law, money, and politics on animal activism. New York: Lantern Books, 2010.
  41. LUTZ, Catherine A.; PARROTT, W. Gerrod; HARRÉ, Rom. Engendered emotion: gender, power, and the rhetoric of emotional control in American discourse. In: HARRÉ, Rom; PARROTT, W. Gerrod (ed.). The emotions: social, cultural and biological dimensions. London: Sage, 1996. p. 151–170.
  42. MARSHALL, T. H. Citizenship and social class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950.
  43. MCCANCE, Dawne. Critical animal studies: an introduction. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2013.
  44. MERRY, Sally Engle. Introduction: conditions of vulnerability. In: GOODALE, M.; MERRY, Sally Engle (ed.). The practice of human rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. pp. 195–203.
  45. MEYERS, Diana Tietjens. Two victim paradigms and the problem of ‘impure’ victims. Humanity, v. 2, n. 2, pp. 255–275, 2011.
  46. MITCHELL, Les. Moral disengagement and support for nonhuman animal farming. Society & Animals, v. 19, n. 1, pp. 38–58, 2011.
  47. MOON, Claire. What one sees and how one files seeing: human rights reporting, representation and action. Sociology, v. 46, n. 5, pp. 876–890, 2012.
  48. MOYN, Samuel. The last utopia: human rights in history. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010.
  49. MUNRO, Lyle. The animal rights movement in theory and practice: a review of the sociological literature. Sociology Compass, v. 6, n. 2, pp. 166–181, 2012.
  50. NOCELLA II, Anthony J.; SORENSON, John; SOCHA, Kim; MATSUOKA, Atsuko (ed.). Defining critical animal studies: an intersectional social justice approach for liberation. New York: Peter Lang, 2014.
  51. NOSKE, Barbara. Humans and other animals: beyond the boundaries of anthropology. London: Pluto Press, 1989.
  52. PACHIRAT, Timothy. Every twelve seconds: industrialized slaughter and the politics of sight. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
  53. PATTERSON, Charles. Eternal Treblinka: our treatment of animals and the Holocaust. New York: Lantern Books, 2002.
  54. PIETRZYKOWSKI, Tomasz. Animal rights. In: ARNAULD, Andreas von; DECKEN, Kerstiin von der; SUSI, Mart (ed.). The Cambridge handbook of new human rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. pp. 243–252.
  55. PURDY, Ian; KRAJNC, Anita. ‘Face us and bear witness!’ Tolstoy, bearing witness and the Save Movement. In: MATSUOKA, Atsuko; SORENSON, John (ed.). Critical animal studies: towards trans-species social justice. London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018. pp. 46–72.
  56. REGAN, Tom. The case for animal rights. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
  57. ROWLANDS, Mark. Animal rights: moral theory and practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  58. SHAFIR, Gershon; BRYSK, Alison. The globalization of rights: from citizenship to human rights. Citizenship Studies, v. 10, n. 3, pp. 275–287, 2006.
  59. SHEA, Matthew. Punishing animal rights activists for animal abuse: rapid reporting and the new wave of ag-gag laws. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, v. 48, n. 3, pp. 337–371, 2015.
  60. SINGER, Peter; Mason, Jim. The way we eat: why our food choices matter. Emmaus: Rodale, 2006.
  61. SINGER, Peter. Animal liberation: the definitive classic of the animal movement. New York: Harper Perennial, 1975.
  62. SINGER, Peter. The most good you can do: how effective altruism is changing ideas about living ethically. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015.
  63. SORENSON, John; MATSUOKA, Atsuko. Political economy of denialism: addressing the case of animal agriculture. In: GRUŠOVNIK, Tomaž; SPANNRING, Reingard; SYSE, Karen Lykke (ed.). Environmental and animal abuse denial: averting our gaze. Maryland: Lexington Books, 2021. pp. 145–168.
  64. SORENSON, John. ‘Some strange things happening in our country’: opposing proposed changes in anti-cruelty laws in Canada. Social & Legal Studies, v. 12, n. 3, pp. 377–402, 2003.
  65. SORENSON, John. Humane hypocrisies: making killing acceptable. In: DHONT, Kristof; HODSON, Gordon (ed.). Why we love and exploit animals. Milton: Routledge, 2019.
  66. SOYSAL, Yasemin Nuhoğlu. Limits of citizenship: migrants and postnational membership in Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1994.
  67. STEIN, Tine. Human rights and animal rights: differences matter. Historical Social Research, v. 40, n. 4, pp. 55–62, 2015.
  68. SUNSTEIN, Cass R.; NUSSBAUM, Martha C. (ed.). Animal rights: current debates and new directions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  69. TURNER, Bryan S. Vulnerability and human rights. Essays on Human Rights. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.
  70. VEA, Tanner. The ethical sensations of im-mediacy: embodiment and multiple literacies in animal rights activists’ learning with media technologies. British Journal of Educational Technology, v. 50, n. 4, pp. 1589–1602, 2019.
  71. VERBORA, Antonio Robert. The political landscape surrounding anti-cruelty legislation in Canada. Society & Animals, v. 23, n. 1, pp. 45–67, 2015.
  72. WILSON, Richard A. Representing human rights violations: social context and subjectivities. In: GOODALE, M. (ed.). Human rights: an anthropological reader. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2009. pp. 134–160.
  73. WISE, Steven M. Rattling the cage: toward legal rights for animals. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books, 2000.
  74. WOODIWISS, Anthony. Human rights. London: Routledge, 2005.
  75. WRENN, Corey Lee. Abolition then and now: tactical comparisons between the human rights movement and the modern nonhuman animal rights movement in the United States. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, v. 27, n. 2, pp. 177–200, 2013.