The politics of sight and bearing witness to animal suffering: lessons from the sociology of human rights
Published 2025-10-28
Keywords
- animal rights,
- bearing witness,
- critical substantivism,
- human rights,
- politics of sight
Copyright (c) 2025 Annie Bernatchez, José Julián López

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Funding data
-
Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Société et Culture
-
University of Ottawa
Grant numbers Ontario Graduate Scholarship
Abstract
Bearing witness is a strategy used by both Human and Animal rights activists. For Animal Justice Citizen Activists (AJCAs), bearing witness is linked to a politics of sight enacted through farm occupation. This article draws on previous analyses of the Canadian context: text media coverage of four farm occupations, two provincial ag-gag laws, and in-depth interviews with AJCAs. Using Kurasawa’s critical substantive approach, we conceptualize this politics of sight as a mode of ethico-political practice that draws attention to the tasks and perils of bearing witness. This approach, we argue, reveals challenges otherwise concealed by existing sociological frameworks.
Downloads
References
- ADAMS, Carol J. The sexual politics of meat: a feminist-vegetarian critical theory. 20th anniversary ed. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2010.
- ALEXANDER, Jeffrey C. The civil sphere. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
- BEAUCHAMP, Tom L.; FREY, R. G. The Oxford handbook of animal ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
- BEIRNE, Piers. Theriocide: naming animal killing. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, v. 3, n. 2, pp. 49–66, 2014.
- BERNATCHEZ, Annie. Animal justice citizen activism in Canada: paradox in the politics of sight. Journal for Critical Animal Studies, v. 19, n. 2, pp. 4–26, 2022.
- BERNATCHEZ, Annie. Emotional reflexivity in the animal justice politics of sight: embodied moral shock and limit of the emotional repertoire. Emotions and Society Journal, pp. 1–16, 2023.
- BOYKOFF, Jules. Beyond bullets: the suppression of dissent in the United States. Oakland: AK Press, 2007.
- CAVALIERI, Paola. The animal question: why nonhuman animals deserve human rights. Oxford: University Press, 2001.
- CLARK, Stephen R. L. Animals in classical and late antique philosophy. In: Beauchamp, Tom L.; FREY, R. G. (ed.). The Oxford handbook of animal ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. pp. 35–60.
- COHEN, Carl; REGAN, Tom. The animal rights debate: point/counterpoint. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001.
- COHEN, Stanley. States of denial: knowing about atrocities and suffering. Malden: Blackwell Publishers, 2001.
- DARDENNE, Émilie. Introduction aux études animales. Paris: Presses Universitaires France, 2020.
- DECKHA, Maneesha. The Save Movement and farmed animal suffering: the advocacy benefits of bearing witness as a template for law. Canadian Journal of Comparative and Contemporary Law, v. 5, pp. 77–110, 2019.
- DEL GANDIO, Jason; NOCELLA II, Anthony J. (ed.). The terrorization of dissent: corporate repression, legal corruption, and the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act. New York: Lantern Books, 2014.
- DHONT, Kristof; HODSON, Gordon (ed.). Why we love and exploit animals: bridging insights from academia and advocacy. Milton: Routledge, 2019.
- DONALDSON, Sue; KYMLICKA, Will. Zoopolis: a political theory of animal rights. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
- FRANCIONE, Gary L. Animals, property, and the law. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995.
- FRANCIONE, Gary L. Introduction to animal rights: your child or the dog? Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000.
- FRANCIONE, Gary L.; GARNER, Robert. The animal rights debate: abolition or regulation? New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
- GARRETT, Aaron. Animals and ethics in the history of modern philosophy. In: BEAUCHAMP, Tom L.; FREY, R. G. (ed.). The Oxford handbook of animal ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. pp. 61–90.
- GELBER, Katharine; O’SULLIVAN, Siobhan. Cat got your tongue? Free speech, democracy and Australia’s ‘ag-gag’ laws. Australian Journal of Political Science, v. 56, n. 1, pp. 19–34, 2021.
- GILLESPIE, Kathryn. Witnessing animal others: bearing witness, grief, and the political function of emotion. Hypatia, v. 31, n. 3, pp. 572–588, 2016.
- GUITHER, Harold D. Animal rights: history and scope of a radical social movement. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998.
- HAFNER-BURTON, Emilie M. Making human rights a reality. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2013.
- HANSSON, Niklas; JACOBSSON, Kerstin. Learning to be affected: subjectivity, sense, and sensibility in animal rights activism. Society & Animals, v. 22, n. 3, pp. 262–288, 2014.
- HELD, David. Cosmopolitanism: ideals and realities. Cambridge: Polity, 2010.
- HILL, David W. Bearing witness, moral responsibility and distant suffering. Theory, Culture & Society, v. 36, n. 1, pp. 27–45, 2019.
- HONNETH, Axel. Visibilité et invisibilité: sur l’épistémologie de la reconnaissance. La Revue du MAUSS, n. 23, p. 137–151, 2004.
- HOPGOOD, Stephen. Keepers of the flame: understanding Amnesty International. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2006.
- HOPGOOD, Stephen. The end times of human rights. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2013.
- HORTA, Oscar; ALBERSMEIER, Frauke. Defining speciesism. Philosophy Compass, v. 15, n. 11, pp. 1–9, 2020.
- IGNATIEFF, Michael. Human rights as politics and idolatry. University Center for Human Values Series. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001.
- JOY, Melanie. Why we love dogs, eat pigs, and wear cows: an introduction to carnism: the belief system that enables us to eat some animals and not others. San Francisco: Conari Press, 2010.
- KRAJNC, Anita. Bearing witness: is giving thirsty pigs water criminal mischief or duty. Animal Law, v. 23, n. 2, pp. 479–498, 2017.
- KURASAWA, Fuyuki. The work of global justice: human rights as practices. Cambridge Cultural Social Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- KYMLICKA, Will. Human rights without human supremacism. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, v. 48, n. 6, pp. 763–792, 2018.
- LAZARE, Jodi. Animal rights activism and the Constitution: are ag-gag laws justifiable limits? Osgoode Hall Law Journal, v. 59, n. 1, pp. 667–706, 2022.
- LOCKWOOD, Alex. Bodily encounter, bearing witness and the engaged activism of the Global Save Movement. Animal Studies Journal, v. 7, n. 1, pp. 104–126, 2018.
- LÓPEZ, José Julián. Human rights as political imaginary. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
- LOVITZ, Dara. Muzzling a movement: the effects of anti-terrorism law, money, and politics on animal activism. New York: Lantern Books, 2010.
- LUTZ, Catherine A.; PARROTT, W. Gerrod; HARRÉ, Rom. Engendered emotion: gender, power, and the rhetoric of emotional control in American discourse. In: HARRÉ, Rom; PARROTT, W. Gerrod (ed.). The emotions: social, cultural and biological dimensions. London: Sage, 1996. p. 151–170.
- MARSHALL, T. H. Citizenship and social class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950.
- MCCANCE, Dawne. Critical animal studies: an introduction. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2013.
- MERRY, Sally Engle. Introduction: conditions of vulnerability. In: GOODALE, M.; MERRY, Sally Engle (ed.). The practice of human rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. pp. 195–203.
- MEYERS, Diana Tietjens. Two victim paradigms and the problem of ‘impure’ victims. Humanity, v. 2, n. 2, pp. 255–275, 2011.
- MITCHELL, Les. Moral disengagement and support for nonhuman animal farming. Society & Animals, v. 19, n. 1, pp. 38–58, 2011.
- MOON, Claire. What one sees and how one files seeing: human rights reporting, representation and action. Sociology, v. 46, n. 5, pp. 876–890, 2012.
- MOYN, Samuel. The last utopia: human rights in history. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010.
- MUNRO, Lyle. The animal rights movement in theory and practice: a review of the sociological literature. Sociology Compass, v. 6, n. 2, pp. 166–181, 2012.
- NOCELLA II, Anthony J.; SORENSON, John; SOCHA, Kim; MATSUOKA, Atsuko (ed.). Defining critical animal studies: an intersectional social justice approach for liberation. New York: Peter Lang, 2014.
- NOSKE, Barbara. Humans and other animals: beyond the boundaries of anthropology. London: Pluto Press, 1989.
- PACHIRAT, Timothy. Every twelve seconds: industrialized slaughter and the politics of sight. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
- PATTERSON, Charles. Eternal Treblinka: our treatment of animals and the Holocaust. New York: Lantern Books, 2002.
- PIETRZYKOWSKI, Tomasz. Animal rights. In: ARNAULD, Andreas von; DECKEN, Kerstiin von der; SUSI, Mart (ed.). The Cambridge handbook of new human rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. pp. 243–252.
- PURDY, Ian; KRAJNC, Anita. ‘Face us and bear witness!’ Tolstoy, bearing witness and the Save Movement. In: MATSUOKA, Atsuko; SORENSON, John (ed.). Critical animal studies: towards trans-species social justice. London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018. pp. 46–72.
- REGAN, Tom. The case for animal rights. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
- ROWLANDS, Mark. Animal rights: moral theory and practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
- SHAFIR, Gershon; BRYSK, Alison. The globalization of rights: from citizenship to human rights. Citizenship Studies, v. 10, n. 3, pp. 275–287, 2006.
- SHEA, Matthew. Punishing animal rights activists for animal abuse: rapid reporting and the new wave of ag-gag laws. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, v. 48, n. 3, pp. 337–371, 2015.
- SINGER, Peter; Mason, Jim. The way we eat: why our food choices matter. Emmaus: Rodale, 2006.
- SINGER, Peter. Animal liberation: the definitive classic of the animal movement. New York: Harper Perennial, 1975.
- SINGER, Peter. The most good you can do: how effective altruism is changing ideas about living ethically. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015.
- SORENSON, John; MATSUOKA, Atsuko. Political economy of denialism: addressing the case of animal agriculture. In: GRUŠOVNIK, Tomaž; SPANNRING, Reingard; SYSE, Karen Lykke (ed.). Environmental and animal abuse denial: averting our gaze. Maryland: Lexington Books, 2021. pp. 145–168.
- SORENSON, John. ‘Some strange things happening in our country’: opposing proposed changes in anti-cruelty laws in Canada. Social & Legal Studies, v. 12, n. 3, pp. 377–402, 2003.
- SORENSON, John. Humane hypocrisies: making killing acceptable. In: DHONT, Kristof; HODSON, Gordon (ed.). Why we love and exploit animals. Milton: Routledge, 2019.
- SOYSAL, Yasemin Nuhoğlu. Limits of citizenship: migrants and postnational membership in Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1994.
- STEIN, Tine. Human rights and animal rights: differences matter. Historical Social Research, v. 40, n. 4, pp. 55–62, 2015.
- SUNSTEIN, Cass R.; NUSSBAUM, Martha C. (ed.). Animal rights: current debates and new directions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
- TURNER, Bryan S. Vulnerability and human rights. Essays on Human Rights. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.
- VEA, Tanner. The ethical sensations of im-mediacy: embodiment and multiple literacies in animal rights activists’ learning with media technologies. British Journal of Educational Technology, v. 50, n. 4, pp. 1589–1602, 2019.
- VERBORA, Antonio Robert. The political landscape surrounding anti-cruelty legislation in Canada. Society & Animals, v. 23, n. 1, pp. 45–67, 2015.
- WILSON, Richard A. Representing human rights violations: social context and subjectivities. In: GOODALE, M. (ed.). Human rights: an anthropological reader. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2009. pp. 134–160.
- WISE, Steven M. Rattling the cage: toward legal rights for animals. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books, 2000.
- WOODIWISS, Anthony. Human rights. London: Routledge, 2005.
- WRENN, Corey Lee. Abolition then and now: tactical comparisons between the human rights movement and the modern nonhuman animal rights movement in the United States. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, v. 27, n. 2, pp. 177–200, 2013.