Onde estão os mercados?
Palavras-chave:
mercados, mercados realmente existentes, regulação, Polanyi, substantivismoResumo
O objetivo deste capítulo é preparar o terreno para teorizar a diversidade e a espacialidade dos mercados, abordando (e buscando essencialmente) ir além da ótica restritiva do modelo ortodoxo. Para tanto, busca-se percorrer três etapas. A próxima seção apresenta algumas questões preliminares sobre o lugar dos mercados e sua geografia histórica realmente existente. A segunda parte do capítulo trata do desafio em descentralizar o mercado, em ir além da ideia de que o mercado pertence ao centro do universo econômico de forma adequada e eterna. Qual é o escopo para entender os “mercados reais”, tanto conceitual quanto empiricamente, sem recorrer ao modelo idealizado do mercado “puro” e todas as suas distorções posteriores? Por fim, o capítulo aborda também a questão dos “mapeamentos” alternativos dos mercados, seguindo algumas sugestões do trabalho de Karl Polanyi, mas sugerindo uma reconstrução mais aprofundada. A conclusão do capítulo reconhece que a pergunta “onde?” com relação aos mercados continua sendo uma questão teórica exigente, de modo que o conteúdo a ser apresentado destina-se a indicar pontos de partida diferentes, não a destinação em si. Novas respostas a essa pergunta “onde?”, embora seja propriamente uma questão que Polanyi caracteriza como investigação “substantivista” sobre a formação, reformulação e transformação do mercado no mundo real, deve primeiro considerar, entre outros aspectos, o caráter relacional dos mercados, que são codependentes de modos de coordenação e regulamentação não relacionados ao mercado; segundo, sua forma “instituída”, necessária na função, mas variável na prática; e, não menos importante, em terceiro lugar, suas dinâmicas e contradições processuais sempre em desequilíbrio.
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