A História de Ahiqar e o concurso de reis
jogos de quebra-cabeça e literatura sapiencial no antigo Oriente Próximo
Palavras-chave:
concurso de sabedoria, conselheiro sábio, enigma, narrativa antiga, AhiqarResumo
O tipo de conto do “concurso de sabedoria dos reis” é atestado internacionalmente em duas formas de variantes. A mais simples e mais antiga envolve apenas dois governantes em competição intelectual entre si. Na outra forma, mais ampliada, um dos governantes conta com um conselheiro, que assume o papel mais importante na ação, resolvendo os problemas e garantindo a vitória do seu rei. A introdução da figura do conselheiro e o desenvolvimento da variante expandida estão relacionados com uma composição narrativa chave do mundo antigo, a História de Ahiqar, que exerceu uma vasta influência em textos romanescos e sapienciais subsequentes. Na História de Ahiqar, o conselheiro sagaz não é apenas a figura principal do concurso de sabedoria, mas também o protagonista de uma narração biográfica mais ampla, na qual o concurso foi inserido como um episódio individual. A razão para a extraordinária promoção do personagem do conselheiro reside na construção narrativa composta de Ahiqar, na qual se juntam dois padrões de histórias diferentes (a “disputa de sabedoria dos reis” e a “desgraça e reabilitação do sábio conselheiro”). O conselheiro serve como elo entre os dois padrões; a competição intelectual, para a qual o rei é desafiado, interpõe-se entre a queda do conselheiro e a sua restauração e fornece a causa desta última. Assim, a disputa dos reis é remodelada de modo a girar em torno do papel central do conselheiro em toda a narrativa. Ao combinar artisticamente dois tipos distintos de contos populares do imaginário do Oriente Próximo, o criador de Ahiqar moldou uma construção narrativa nova e inovadora.
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