Carrot or Stick?
An Investigation Into Motivation Orientations in Learning English Among Hong Kong Chinese Students
Keywords:
extrinsic motivation orientation, intrinsic motivation orientation, GardnerAbstract
This paper publishes the results of a study of Hong Kong Chinese upper secondary students (Form 4 and Form 6) regarding their motivation orientations for learning English. The study analysed male and females student groups using Gardner and Lambert's (1972) 'extrinsic and intrinsic motivation' theoretical framework in order to elicit the most revealing results from the data. Findings will have meaningful implications for pedagogy, helping educators identify strategies more appropriate to distinct Chinese-speaking second-language student groups.
Downloads
References
Ames, C. Competitive, cooperative and individualistic goal structures: A cognitive motivational analysis. In: Ames, R.; Ames, C. (Ed.). Research in Motivation in Education. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, 1984. p. 177-207.
Atkinson, J. W.; Feather, N. T. (Ed.). A Theory of Achievement Motivation. New York: Robert E. Krieger, 1966.
Bandura, A. Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning. Educational Psychologist, v. 28, p. 117-48, 1993.
Bar-Tal, D., Goldberg, M.; Knanni, A. Causes of success an failure and their dimensions as a function of SES and gender: A phenomenological analysis. British Journal of Educational Psychology, v. 54, p. 51-61, 1984.
Basow, S. A.; Medcalf, K. L. Academic achievement and attributions among college students: Effects of gender and sex typing. Sex Roles, v. 19, n. 9/10, p. 555-567, 1988.
Baer, J. Gender differences in the effects of anticipated evaluation on creativity. Creativity Research Journal, v. 10, n. 1, p. 25-31, 1997.
Boggiano, A. K.; Barrett, M. Gender differences in depression in children as a function of motivational orientation. Sex Roles, v. 26, n. 1-2, p. 11-17, 1992.
Bond, M. H. (Ed.). The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. Hong Kong: New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Brandon, P. R. Gender Differences in Educational Attainment among Asian Americans in the High- School-and-Beyond Senior-Cohort Third Follow-Up Survey. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Boston, MA, April 16-20, 1990).
Chandler, T. A.; Shama, D. D.; Wolf, F. M.; Planchard, S. K. Multi-attributional causality: A five national samples study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, v. 12, p. 207-221, 1981.
Clement, R. Ethnicity, contact and communicative competence in a second language. In: Giles, H.; Robinson, W. P.; Smith, P. M. (Ed.). Language: Social Psychological Perspectives, 1980. p. 147-154.
Condry, J.; Chambers, J. Intrinsic motivation and the process of learning. In: Lepper, M. R.; Greene, D. (Ed.). The Hidden Costs of Rewards. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978. p. 61-84.
Deci, E. L.; Ryan, R. M. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behaviour. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.
Dornyei, Z. Motivation and motivating in foreign language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, v. 78, p. 273-284, 1994.
Dornyei, Z. Teaching and Researching Motivation. London: Longman, 2001.
Eccles, J. S.; Wigfield, A. In the mind of the actor: The structure of adolescents' achievement task values and expectancy-related beliefs. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, v. 21, p. 215-225, 1995.
Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Erkut, S. Exploring sex differences in expectancy, attribution, and academic achievement. Sex Roles, v. 9, n. 2, p. 217-231, 1983.
Gardner, R. C.; Lambert, W. E. Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House, 1972.
Gardner, R. C. Social Psychology and Language Learning: The Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London: Ontario: Edward Arnold, 1985.
Gardner, R. C. Motivation and second language acquisition: Perspectives. Journal of the Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 18(2), p. 19-42, 1996.
Gardner, R. C. Language Learning Motivation: the student, the teacher, and the researcher. Texas Papers ion Foreign Language Education, v. 6, p. 1-18, 2001.
Giles, H.; Byrne, J. L. An intergroup approach to second language acquisition. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, v. 3, p. 17-40, 1982.
Giovanni, M.; SIU, C. M. Y. Trait intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, academic performance, and creativity in Hong Kong college students, Sep/Oct, 2002. Journal of College Student Development. Disponível em: <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3752/is_200209/ai_n9132496>. Accesso em: 20 June 2008.
Hagborg, W. J. Gender and Motivational Orientation among High School Students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association (New York, NY, August 1995).
Jakobsson, A. K. Motivation and Learning from a Gender Perspective. A study of students at gymnasium in theoretical program. An unpublished thesis of Göteborg, Göteborgs Universitet: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2000.
Kinicki, A. J.; Grieffeth, R. W. The impact of sex-role stereotypes on performance ratings and casual attributions of performance. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, v. 27, p. 155-366, 1985.
Locke, E. A.; Lathan, G. P. Goal setting theory. In: O'NEIL, H F, Jr; Drillings, M. (Ed.). Motivation: Theory and Research, 1994. p. 13-29.
Luk, J. C. M.; LIN, A. M. Y. Classroom Interactions as Cross-Cultural Encounters: native speakers in EFL lessons. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2007
McHuge, M. C.; Fisher, J. E.; Frieze, I. H. Effect of situational factors on the sled-attributions of females and makes. Sex Roles, v. 8, n. 4, p. 389-397, 1982.
Meece, J. L.; Jones, M. G. Gender differences in motivation and strategy use in science: Are girls rote learners? Journal of Research in Science Teaching, v. 33, n. 4, p. 393-406, 1996.
Niemivirta, M. Gender Differences in Motivational-Cognitive Patterns of Self-Regulated Learning. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Chicago, IL, March 24-28, 1997).
Nilsson, K.; Stomberg, M. I. W. Nursing students motivation toward their studies - a survey study. BMC Nursing 7(6). Disponível em: <http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6955/7/6>. Acesso em: 20 June 2008.
Noel, K. A.; Pelletier, L. G.; Clement, P.; Vallerand, R. J. Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self-determination theory. Language Learning, v. 50, n. 1, p. 57-85, 2000.
Oxford, R. L.; Nyikos, M. Variables affecting choice of language learning strategies: A pilot study. Modern Language Journal, v. 73, p. 291-300, 1989.
Oxford, R. L.; Shearin, J. Language learning motivation: expanding the theoretical framework. Modern Language Journal, v. 78, p. 12-28, 1994.
Pintrich, P. R.; Schunk, D. H. Motivation in Education: Theory, Research and Application. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.
Post, R. D. Casual explanations of male and female academic performance as a function of sex-role biases. Sex Roles, v. 7, n. 7, p. 691-698, 1981.
Salili, F. Explaining Chinese motivation and achievement: Culture, motivation and achievement. In: Maehr, M. L.; Pintrich, P. R. (Ed.). Advances in Motivation and Achievement: Culture, motivation and achievement. Greenwich, CT: JAI, 1995.
Schumann, J. H. The acculturation model for second language acquisition. In: Gingras, R. (Ed.). Second Language Acquisition and Fore, 1978.
Skaalvik, S.; Skaalvik, E. M. Gender differences in math and verbal self-concept, performance expectations, and motivation. Sex Roles, v. 50, n. 3/4, p. 241-52, 2004.
Sweeney, P. D.; Anderson, K.; Bailey, S. Attribution style in depression: A meta-analystic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, v. 38, p. 254-274, 1986.
Ushioda, E. Motivation as a socially mediated process. In: Little, D.; Ridley, J.; Ushioda, E. (Ed.). Learner Autonomy in the Foreign Language Classroom: teacher, learner, curriculum and assessment. Dublin: Authentik, 2003. p.90-102.
Wang, J.; Staver, J. R. An empirical study of gender differences in Chinese students' science achievement. Journal of Educational Research, v. 90, n. 4, p. 252-55, 1997.
Weiner, B. A Theory of Motivation for some Classroom Experiences. Journal of Education Psychology, v. 71, p. 3-25, 1979.
Williams, M.; Burden, R. Psychology for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Wolleat, P. L.; Pedro, J. D.; Becker, A. D.; Fennema, E. (1980). Sex differences in high school students' casual attributions of performance in mathematics. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, v. 11, n. 5, p. 356-366, 1980.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2012 Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores de artigos publicados pela RBLA mantêm os direitos autorais de seus trabalhos, licenciando-os sob a licença Creative Commons BY Attribution 4.0, que permite que os artigos sejam reutilizados e distribuídos sem restrição, desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.


