A Novel Approach to Teach Grammar in Chilean State Schools

From a Traditional to a Communicative Approach

Authors

Keywords:

ELT, grammar instruction, teaching, EFL, ECRIF

Abstract

Grammar instruction has been regarded as a pivotal, yet controversial topic when it comes to foreign language teaching and learning. Views on this grammar debate have undergone considerable changes throughout the years, which have shifted from conventional methods, based on pure formulation of grammar structures, towards a more communicative approach to language learning. This article not only seeks to review the role of grammar teaching in publicly funded schools in Chile and the internal and external factors that entail difficulties in achieving a more progressive type of instruction, but also it intends to make a valuable contribution to teachers via an alternative approach to maximizing student learning and engagement when grammar is being tackled. This approach known as Encounter-Clarify-Remember-Internalize and Fluently use (henceforth ECRIF) is intended to serve as a reference for teachers interested in redirecting their teaching practices.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ABRAHAMS, M. J.; RÍOS, P. S. 6.What Happens with English in Chile? Challenges in Teacher Preparation. In: KAMHI-STEIN, L. D.; DÍAZ MAGGIOLI, G.; DE OLIVEIRA, L. C. (Eds.). English Language Teaching in South America. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2017, p. 109-122. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783097982-009. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

AGENCIA DE CALIDAD DE LA EDUCACIÓN. Informe de resultados estudio nacional Inglés III Medio 2017. Santiago: Agencia de Calidad de la Educación, 2018 Available at: http://archivos.agenciaeducacion.cl/Informe_Estudio_Nacional_Ingles_III.pdf. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

ALSALEEM, B. I. A. The Effect of ECRIF Strategy on EFL Seventh Graders’ Vocabulary Learning and Retention. Arab World English Journal, v. 9, n. 2, p. 70-91, Jun. 2018. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol9no2.5. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

ANTÓN, M.; DICAMILLA, F. Socio-cognitive Functions of L1 Collaborative Interaction in the L2 Classroom. Canadian Modern Language Review, vol. 54, no. 3, p. 314-342, Apr.1998. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.54.3.314. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

AUERBACH, E. R. Reexamining English Only in the ESL Classroom. TESOL Quarterly, v. 27, n. 1, p. 9-32, 1993. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/3586949. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

ÁVALOS, B. Teacher identity construction in reform driven contexts: A Chilean study. Journal of All India Association for Educational Research, v. 22, n. 2, p. 15-37, 2010.

BAQUE IZA, T. A.; PAREDES MEZA, N. V. Applying ECRIF Method to Develop the Speaking Skill in the English Language. 49 p. 2020. Professional article (Master of Education – English as Foreign Language Pedagogy) – Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, 2020.

BARAHONA, M. English Language Teacher Education in Chile: A Cultural Historical Activity Theory Perspective. [S. l.]: Routledge: 2015. 202 p.

BARAHONA, M.; DELAPORTE‐RAURICH, C.; IBACETA‐QUIJANES, X. “It is impossible to teach English in English”: Preservice teachers’ struggles to facilitate L2 comprehensibility in English. TESOL Journal, v. 12, n. 2, p. 1-16, Feb. 2021. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.578. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

BURGESS, J.; ETHERINGTON, S. Focus on grammatical form: explicit or implicit? System, v. 30, n. 4, p. 433-458, 2002. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0346-251x(02)00048-9. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

BYRD, K. N. Reactions to English language learning in Chile as a means for personal and national development. 2013. 83 p. Thesis (Master of Arts – International Studies) – Faculty of the College of Letters and Sciences, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, 2013. Available at: https://repository.usfca.edu/thes/57. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

CAIZA, G. The effect of ECRIF framework on the development of speaking skills on students. 2021. 81 p. Thesis (Master of Education – National and Foreign Languages Pedagogy, English Mention) – Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y de la Educación, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ambato, 2021.

CELCE-MURCIA, M. Teaching English as a second or foreign language. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, 2001. 552 p.

COHEN, L.; MANION, L.; MORRISON, K. Research Methods in Education. [S. l.]: Routledge, 2011. 944 p.

COOK, V. J. Second language learning and language teaching. 4th ed. London: Hodder Education, 2008. 306 p.

CHILE. Decreto nº 81. Reglamenta programa de fortalecimiento del aprendizaje del idioma inglés en la enseñanza básica y media de los establecimientos educacionales regidos por el decreto con fuerza de ley nº 2, de 1998, del ministerio de Educación y por el decreto ley nº 3.166, de 1980. Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile: Santiago, 16 Mar. 2004.

DÍAZ LARENAS, C. A Case Study on EFL Teachers’ Beliefs About the Teaching and Learning of English in Public Education. Porta Linguarum Revista Interuniversitaria de Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras, v. 23, p. 171-186, 2015. Available at: https://doi.org/10.30827/digibug.53765. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

DANIELSON, C; MCGREAL, T. L. Teacher Evaluation: To Enhance Professional Practice. [S. l.]: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2000. 166 p.

EDUCATION FIRST. English Proficiency Index. 7th ed. Mexico: EF, 2017. Available at: https://www.ef.com/assetscdn/WIBIwq6RdJvcD9bc8RMd/cefcom-epi-site/reports/2017/ef-epi-2017-english.pdf. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

ELLIS, R. Principles of instructed language learning. System, v. 33, n. 2, p. 209-224, 2005. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2004.12.006. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

ELLIS, R.; LOEWEN, S.; ERLAM, R. Implicit and Explicit Corrective Feedback and The Acquisition of L2 Grammar. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, v. 28, n. 2, p. 339-368, 2006. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263106060141. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

ELLIS, R.; SHINTANI, N. Exploring Language Pedagogy Through Second Language Acquisition Research. [S. l.]: Routledge, 2013. 400 p.

FOTOS, S. Shifting the focus from forms to form in the EFL classroom. ELT Journal, v. 52, n. 4, p. 301-307, 1998. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/52.4.301. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

FOTOS, S. Cognitive Approaches to Grammar Instruction. In: CELCE-MURCIA, M. (Ed.). Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, 2001, p. 267-283.

GLAS, K. El inglés abre puertas... ¿a qué? Análisis del Discurso Sobre la Enseñanza del Inglés en Chile, 2003-2006. Revista Educación y Pedagogía, v. 20, n. 51, p. 111-122, 2008.

GÓMEZ BURGOS, E.; SANDOVAL MOLINA, S. University Students’ Attitudes Towards EFL: A Case from the South of Chile. Profile: Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, v. 22, n. 1, p. 43-56, 2020. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15446/profile.v22n1.75401. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

HEDGE, T. (Y). Teaching and learning in the language classroom. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002. 447 p.

KACHRU, B. The other tongue: English across cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 416 p.

KHALAF, R. The effect of learning-centered training on enhancing student-teachers’ practice teaching skills at AUG. 2016. 113p. Thesis (Master of Education) – Faculty of Education, Al Azhar University Gaza, Gaza, 2016.

KORMOS, J.; KIDDLE, T. The role of socio-economic factors in motivation to learn English as a foreign language: The case of Chile. System, v. 41, n. 2, p. 399-412, 2013. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2013.03.006. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

KRASHEN, S. Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon, 1981. 150 p.

KURZWEIL, J.; SCHOLL, M. Understanding teaching through learning (School for International Training Frameworks for Language Teaching). [S. l.]: McGraw-Hill ESL/ELT, 2007. 144 p.

LARSEN-FREEMAN, D. Teaching Grammar. In: CELCE-MURCIA, M. (Ed.), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language Boston: Heinle & Heinle, 2001, p. 251-266.

LARSEN-FREEMAN, D. Teaching language: From grammar to grammaring. Boston: Heinle ELT, 2003. 160 p.

LIGHTBOWN, P.; SPADA, N. How languages are learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. 322 p.

LONG, M. H. Input, Interaction, And Second-Language Acquisition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 379, n. 1, p. 259-278, Dec. 1981. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb42014.x. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

LONG, M. H. Focus on Form: A Design Feature in Language Teaching Methodology. In: CANDLIN, C.; MERCER, N. (Eds.). English Language Teaching in its Social Context: A Reader. London: Routledge, 2001, p. 180-190.

MATEAR, A. Tensions between State and Market in Chile: Educational policy and culture. European Review of Latin America and Caribbean Studies, v. 83, 2007, p. 61-82. Available at: http://doi.org/10.18352/erlacs.9633. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

MATEAR, A. English language learning and education policy in Chile: can English really open doors for all? Asia Pacific Journal of Education, vol. 28, no. 2, p. 131-147, 2008. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02188790802036679. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

MITCHELL, R. Anniversary article. Applied linguistics and evidence-based classroom practice: the case of foreign language grammar pedagogy. Applied Linguistics, v. 21, n. 3, p. 281-303, Sept. 2000. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/21.3.281. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

MCKAY, S. Teaching English as an International Language: the Chilean context. ELT Journal, v. 57, n. 2, p. 139-148, 2003. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/57.2.139. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

NATION, P. The Role of First Language in Foreign Language Learning. Asian EFL Journal, v. 5, n. 2, p. 1-8, 2003.

NAZARI, A.; ALLAHYAR, N. Grammar Teaching Revisited: EFL Teachers between Grammar Abstinence and Formal Grammar Teaching. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, v. 37, n. 2, 2012. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2012v37n2.6. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

NETTO-SHEK, J.-A. Teaching Grammar. In: WONG, R. Y. L. (Ed.). Developing Literacy in The Language Classroom: Engaging Primary Pupils. [S.l.]: Pearson, 2009, p. 115-135.

NORRIS, J. M.; ORTEGA, L. Effectiveness of L2 Instruction: A Research Synthesis and Quantitative Meta-analysis. Language Learning, v. 50, n. 3, p. 417-528, 2000. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.00136. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

NORTON, B. Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and educational change. Harlow: Longman, 2000. 200 p.

NUNAN, D. Language Teaching. A Scheme for Teacher’s Education. Syllabus Design (Language. Teaching, a Scheme for Teacher Education). [S. l.]: Oxford University Press España, 1988. 176 p.

ORTEGA, L. Understanding Second Language Acquisition (Understanding Language). [S. l.]: Routledge, 2008. 224 p.

PAREDES, N. Comparing two methods for teaching productive skills of the English Language. In: Congreso Internacional Santo Domingo Investiga, 2, 2019, Santo Domingo. Proceedings. Santo Domingo: Red Santo Domingo Investiga, 2019.

PICA, T. Adult Acquisition of English as a Second Language Under Different Conditions of Exposure. Language Learning, v. 33, n. 4, p. 465-497, 1983. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1983.tb00945.x. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

RICHARDS, J. C. Approaches and methods in language teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

SCHMIDT, R. W. The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning1. Applied Linguistics, v. 11, n. 2, p. 129-158, 1990. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/11.2.129. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

SEPULVEDA-ESCOBAR, P. Bringing to light English language teachers’ voices for continuous professional learning in Chile. In: TROUDI, S. (Ed.). Critical Issues in Teaching English and Language Education. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. p. 235-260.

SHEEN, R. ‘Focus on form’ and ‘focus on forms’. ELT Journal, v. 56, n. 3, p. 303-305, 2002. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/56.3.303. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

SCHWEERS, J. Using L1 in the L2 Classroom. English Teaching Forum, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 6-9, 1999.

SINCLAIR, J. M.; COULTHARD, M. Towards an Analysis of Discourse: The English Used by Teachers and Pupils. London: Oxford University Press, 1975. 168 p.

SILVERMAN, D. Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. 3rd ed. London: SAGE, 2010. 456p.

STORCH, N.; WIGGLESWORTH, G. Is There a Role for the Use of the L1 in an L2 Setting? TESOL Quarterly, v. 37, n. 4, p. 760-770, Winter 2003. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/3588224. Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

TAMRABET, N. The Implementation of the ECRIF model in enhancing learners’ intercultural communicative competence. 2017-2018. 91p. Dissertation (Master of Arts – Language Sciences and Teaching English as a Foreign Language) – Faculty of Letters and Languages, Larbi Ben M’hidi University. Oum El Bouaghi, 2017-2018. Available at: http://bib.univoeb.dz:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3767/1/The%20Effect%20of%20the%20ECRIF%20model%20on%20the%20%20Intercultural%20Communicative%20competence.pdf . Accessed on: 11 Jan. 2023.

TORRICO-ÁVILA, E. Discursive construction of the English language policy implemented in Chile (2003-2010). 285p. Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy) – University of Southampton, 2016.

TSUI, A. Classroom Interaction. In: CARTER, R.; NUNAN, D. (Eds.). The Cambridge guide to teaching English to speakers of other languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 120-125.

WHITE, R. V. The ELT curriculum: Design, innovation, and management. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1988. 193 p.

Published

Sep-Fri-2023