Emergence in second language writing: a Methodological Inroad

Susy Macqueen

Autores

Susy Macqueen University of Melbourne

Palavras-chave:

Teoria dos Sistemas Complexos, aprendizagem de segunda língua, Teoria Sociocultural, emergência, sequências formulaicas, colocação, aquisição de vocabulário, imitação

Resumo

A Teoria de Sistemas Complexos (TSC) tem sido acionada em diversos campos, como forma de examinar os fenômenos de uma maneira que faz com que a interconectividade e emergência sejam centrais para pesquisa. Para a linguística aplicada, TSC oferece a possibilidade de englobar tanto a linguagm quanto a aprendizagem. Ao fazer isso, a orientação teórica tem de ser totalmente integrada ao processo de pesquisa por meio da metodologia de pesquisa. Este artigo descreve um método qualitativo microetnográfico, Análise de Traços Lexicais, que se baseia no conceito de emergência. É um método analítico que nos permite ver o desenvolvimento longitudinal de palavras e de seus padrões. Ele é aplicado aqui em um estudo de caso sobre o desenvolvimento de padrões léxico-gramaticais (sequências formulaicas, colocações, expressões idiomáticas etc.) de uma usuária de uma segunda língua. Seus padrões de palavras são rastreados enquanto ela se prepara para o vestibular para a universidade e, posteriormente, assim que ela entra na universidade. Seu uso de padrões envolve imitação adaptativa, um processo complexo de percepção de padrões, imitação e adaptação para atender aos novos objetivos comunicativos.

Downloads

Os dados de download ainda não estão disponíveis.

Referências

BEDAU, M. A.; HUMPHREYS, P. (Ed.). Emergence: Contemporary readings in philosophy and science. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Pressed. 2008.

BOERS, F. et al Formulaic sequences and perceived oral proficiency: Putting a Lexical Approach to the test. Language Teaching Research, v. 10, n. 3, p. 245-261, 2006.

BRONFENBRENNER, U. The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979. 330p.

CHURCHILL, E. A dynamic systems account of learning a word: From ecology to form relations. Applied Linguistics, v. 29, n. 3, p. 339-358, 2008.

DE BOT, K.; LOWIE, W.; VERSPOOR, M. A Dynamic Systems Theory approach to second language acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, v. 10, n. 1, p. 7-21, 2007.

ELLIS, N. C. The dynamics of second language emergence: Cycles of language use, language change, and language acquisition. Modern Language Journal, v. 92, n. 2, p. 232-249, 2008.

ELLIS, N. C.; LARSEN-FREEMAN, D. Language as a Complex Adaptive System Chichester: Blackwell, 2009.

ELLIS, N. C.; LARSEN-FREEMAN, D. Language emergence: Implications for applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics, v. 27, n. 4, p. 558-589, 2006.

ERMAN, B.; WARREN, B. The idiom principle and the open choice principle. Text, v. 20, n. 1, p. 29-62, 2000.

ESKILDSEN, S. W. Constructing another languageUsage-based linguistics in second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, v. 30, n. 3, p. 335-357, 2008.

FIRTH, J. R. A synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930-1955. In: PALMER, F. R. (Ed.). Selected papers of J.R. Firth 1952-1959 London: Longmans Green, [1951] 1968. p.168-205.

FIVE GRACES GROUP et al Language is a Complex Adaptive System: Position paper. Language Learning, v. 59, n. Supplement 1, p. 1-27, 2009.

GASS, S. M.; MACKEY, A. Stimulated recall methodology in second language research Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000. 177p.

GITSAKI, C. Second language lexical acquisition: A study of the development of collocational knowledge. San Francisco: International Scholars Publications, 1999.

GOLDSTEIN, J. Emergence as a construct: History and issues. Emergence: Complexity and Organization, v. 1, n. 1, p. 49-72, 1999.

GRANGER, S. Prefabricated patterns in advanced EFL writing: Collocations and formulae. In: COWIE, A. P. (Ed.). Phraseology: Theory, analysis, and applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. p.145-160.

HAKUTA, K. Prefabricated patterns and the emergence of structure in second language acquisition. Language Learning, v. 24, n. 2, p. 287-297, 1974.

HALLIDAY, M. A. K. On grammar New York: Continuum, 2002. 442p.

HALLIDAY, M. A. K.; HASAN, R. Cohesion in English London: Longman, 1976. xv, 374.

HAYES, B. Introductory phonology Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2009.

HOEY, M. Lexical priming: A new theory of words and language. Oxon: Routledge, 2005.

HÖLLDOBLER, B.; WILSON, E. O. The superorganism: The beauty, elegance, and strangeness of insect societies. New York: Norton, 2009.

HOPPER, P. Emergent grammar. In: TOMASELLO, M. (Ed.). The new psychology of language: Cognitive and functional approaches to language structure. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998. p.155-75.

HOPPER, P. Emergent grammar and the a priori grammar postulate. In: TANNEN, D. (Ed.). Linguistics in context: Connecting observation and understanding. Norwood: Ablex, 1988. p.117-134.

HOWARTH, P. Phraseology and second language proficiency. Applied Linguistics, v. 19, n. 1, p. 24-44, 1998a.

HOWARTH, P. The phraseology of learner's academic writing. In: COWIE, A. P. (Ed.). Phraseology: Theory, analysis and applications. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998b. p. 161-186.

JOHNSON, S. Emergence: The connected lives of ants, brains, cities and software. New York: Scribner, 2001.

KRAMSCH, C.; WHITESIDE, A. Language ecology in multilingual settings. Towards a theory of symbolic competence. Applied Linguistics, v. 29, n. 4, p. 645-671, 2008.

LANTOLF, J. P.; THORNE, S. L. Sociocultural theory and second language acquisition. In: VAN PATTEN, B.; WILLIAMS, J. (Ed.). Explaining Second Language Acquisition Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. p. 201-224.

LANTOLF, J. P.; THORNE, S. L. Sociocultural theory and the genesis of second language development Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 296.

LARSEN-FREEMAN, D. CA for SLA? It all depends ... Modern Language Journal, v. 88, n. 4, p. 603-607, 2004.

LARSEN-FREEMAN, D. Chaos/complexity science and second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, v. 18, n. 2, p. 141-165, 1997.

LARSEN-FREEMAN, D. Complex, dynamic systems: A new transdisciplinary theme for applied linguistics? Language Teaching, v. 45, n. 2, p. 202-214, 2012.

LARSEN-FREEMAN, D.; CAMERON, L. Complex systems and applied linguistics Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008a.

LARSEN-FREEMAN, D.; CAMERON, L. Research methodology on language development from a complex systems perspective. Modern Language Journal, v. 92, n. 2, p. 200-213, 2008b.

LAUFER, B.; GIRSAI, N. Form-focused instruction in second language vocabulary learning: A case for contrastive analysis and translation. Applied Linguistics, v. 29, p. 694-716, 2008.

LAUFER, B.; WALDMAN, T. Verb-Noun Collocations in Second Language Writing: A Corpus Analysis of Learners' English. Language Learning, v. 61, n. 2, p. 647-672, 2011.

LI, J.; SCHMITT, N. The acquisition of lexical phrases in academic writing: A longitudinal case study. Journal of Second Language Writing, v. 18, n. 2, p. 85-102, 2009.

LILLIS, T. Ethnography as method, methodology, and "deep theorizing": Closing the gap Between text and context in academic writing research. Written Communication, v. 25, n. 3, p. 353-388, 2008.

MACQUEEN, S. The emergence of patterns in second language writing: A sociocognitive exploration of lexical trails. Bern: Peter Lang, 2012.

MACWHINNEY, B. The emergence of language Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999. 500p.

MOON, R. Fixed expressions and idioms in English: A corpus-based approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. 338p.

MYLES, F.; HOOPER, J.; MITCHELL, R. Rote or rule? Exploring the role of formulaic language in classroom foreign language learning. Language Learning, v. 48, n. 3, p. 323-364, 1998.

MYLES, F.; MITCHELL, R.; HOOPER, J. Interrogative chunks in French L2: A basis for creative construction? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, v. 21, p. 49-80, 1999.

NATTINGER, J. R.; DECARRICO, J. S. Lexical phrases and language teaching Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

NESSELHAUF, N. Collocations in a learner corpus Studies in corpus linguistics 14. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2005.

OHLROGGE, A. Formulaic expressions in intermediate EFL writing assessment. In: CORRIGAN, R.;MORAVCSIK, E. A., et al (Ed.). Formulaic language: Acquisition, loss, psychological reality, and functional explanations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, v.2, 2009. p. 375-386.

ORTEGA, L.; IBERRI-SHEA, G. Longitudinal research in second language acquisition: Recent trends and future directions. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, v. 25, p. 26-45, 2005.

OSBORNE, J. Phraseology effects as a trigger for errors in L2 English. In: MEUNIER, F.; GRANGER, S. (Ed.). Phraseology in foreign language learning and teaching Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2008. p. 67-83.

PAWLEY, A.; SYDER, F. Two puzzles for linguistic theory: Nativelike selection and nativelike fluency. In: RICHARDS, J. C.; SCHMIDT, R. W. (Ed.). Language and communication London: Longman, 1983. p. 191-226.

PETERS, A. M. The units of language acquisition Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. 131p.

RAMANATHAN, V.; ATKINSON, D. Ethnographic approaches and methods in L2 writing research: A critical guide and review. Applied Linguistics, v. 20, n. 1, p. 44-70, 1999.

SCHMITT, N. et al Knowledge and acquisition of formulaic sequences: A longitudinal study. In: SCHMITT, N. (Ed.). Formulaic Sequences: Acquisition, processing and use Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004. p. 55-86.

SCOTT, J. Conceptualising the social world: Principles of sociological analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

SINCLAIR, J. Corpus, concordance, collocation Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. 179p.

SINCLAIR, J. Trust the text: Language, corpus and discourse. New York: Routledge, 2004. 212p.

SMAGORINSKY, P. Rethinking protocol analysis from a cultural perspective. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, v. 21, p. 233-245, 2001.

SMAGORINSKY, P. Thinking and speech and protocol analysis. Mind, Culture, and Activity, v. 5, n. 3, p. 157-177, 1998.

SNOW, C. E. Saying it again: The role of expanded and deferred imitations in language acquisition. In: NELSON, K. (Ed.). Children's language Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, v.4, 1983. p. 29-58.

SNOW, C. E. The uses of imitation. Journal of Child Language, v. 8, p. 205-212, 1981.

STUBBS, M. Words and phrases: Corpus studies of lexical semantics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. 267p.

TALMY, S. Qualitative interviews in applied linguistics: From research instrument to social practice. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, v. 30, p. 128-148, 2010.

TOMASELLO, M. Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003. 388p.

TOMASELLO, M. First steps towards a usage-based theory of language acquisition. Cognitive Linguistics, v. 11, n. 1-2, p. 61-82, 2000.

TYLER, A. Usage-based approaches to language and their applications to second language learning. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, v. 30, p. 270-291, 2010.

VAN LIER, L. An ecological-semiotic perspective on language and linguistics. In: KRAMSCH, C. (Ed.). Language acquisition and language socialization London: Continuum, 2002. p.140-164.

VAN LIER, L. The ecology and semiotics of language learning: A sociocultural perspective. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.

VAN LIER, L. From input to affordance: Social-interactive learning from an ecological perspective. In: LANTOLF, J. P. (Ed.). Sociocultural theory and second language learning Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 296.

VAN LIER, L. Observation from an ecological perspective. TESOL Quarterly, v. 31, n. 4, p. 783-787, 1997.

VYGOTSKY, L. S. Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978. 159p.

VYGOTSKY, L. S. Thought and Language Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1962.

WATSON-GEGEO, K. A. Mind, language, and epistemology: Toward a language socialization paradigm for SLA. The Modern Language Journal, v. 88, n. 3, p. 331-350, 2004.

WONG FILLMORE, L. The Second Time Around: Cognitive and Social Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. 1976. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1976.

WRAY, A. Formulaic language and the lexicon Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 332p.

WRAY, A. Formulaic Language: Pushing the boundaries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.