Artificial surface, visceral interior
technological, aesthetic and economic aspects of generative art
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35699/2965-6931.2023.47661Keywords:
generative art, art and artificial intelligence, cultural economy, economics of artificial intelligence, cost diseaseAbstract
The dissemination of art generated by artificial intelligence, or generative art, is changing the creative industries. This article discusses technological, aesthetic and economic issues of generative art. Although technology can make possible new forms of artistic expression, its status as art is not certain. Defenders see it as a non-anthropocentric artform, critics emphasize that art is made by humans. Cultural economics can understand economic aspects of generative art, such as the decision of adopting it in large scale to stave off the cost disease; it also shows that there is a chain of workers and artists that may not be given the due recognition in the production process of generative art. I call this trait of “viscerality”. The article concludes that generative art does not succeed in creating non-anthropocentric art because of the viscerally human factor in artificial intelligence.
Downloads
References
ADLER, M. Stardom and talent. In: GINSBURGH, V. A.; THROSBY, D. (eds.). Handbook of the economics of arts and culture. Amsterdam: North Holland, 2006, p. 895-907.
ALBUQUERQUE, E. M. Revoluções tecnológicas e general purpose technologies: mudança técnica, dinâmica e transformações do capitalismo. In: RAPINI, M. S. et al (eds.). Economia da ciência, tecnologia e inovação: fundamentos teóricos e a economia global. Belo Horizonte: CEDEPLAR, 2021, p. 53-83.
ANATRASIRICHAI, N.; BULL, D. Artificial intelligence in the creative industries: a review. Artificial Intelligence Review, n. 55, p. 589-656, 2022. DOI: 10.1007/s10462-021-10039-7.
ARBIZA G., M. A critique of contemporary artificial intelligence art: who is Edmond de Belamy. AusArt: Journal for Research in Art, v. 8, n. 1, p. 49-64, 2020. DOI: 10.1387/ausart.21490.
AYALA, N. The Flash's controversial black & white Superman cameo: who was George Reeves? ScreenRant.com, 18 jun. 2023. Disponível em: https://screenrant.com/the-flash-movie-george-reeves-superman/ Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
AUDRY, S. Art in the age of machine learning. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.
AUDRY, S.; IPPOLITO, J. Can artificial intelligence make art without artists? Ask the viewer. Arts, v. 8, n. 35, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/arts8010035.
BACKHOUSE, R. E. Economics. In: BACKHOUSE, R. E.; FONTAINE, P. (eds.). The history of social sciences since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 38-70.
BALLIETI, S. The human quest for discovering mathematical beauty in arts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 117, n. 44, p. 27073-27075, 2020.
BARALE, A. “Who inspires who?” aesthetics in front of AI art. Philosophical Inquiries, v. 9, n. 2, p. 195-220, 2021. DOI: 10.4454/philinq.v9i2.367
BAUMOL, W. J. The arts in the “new economy”. In: GINSBURGH, V. A.; THROSBY, D. (eds.). Handbook of the economics of arts and culture. Amsterdam: North Holland, 2006, p. 339-358.
BAUMOL, W. J. The cost disease: why computers get cheaper and health care doesn’t. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
BAUMOL, W. J.; BOWEN, W. G. Performing arts: the economic dilemma. New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1966.
BELLAICHE, L. et al. Humans versus AI: whether and why we prefer human-created compared to AI-created artwork. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, v. 8, n. 42, p. 1-22, 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s41235-023-00499-6.
BESHAROV, G. The outbreak of the cost disease: Baumol and Bowen’s founding of cultural economics. History of Political Economy, v. 37, n. 3, p. 412-430, 2005. DOI: 10.1215/00182702-37-3-412.
BOIANOVSKY, M.; HOOVER, K. D. In the Kingdom of Solovia: the rise of growth economics at MIT, 1956-1970. History of Political Economy, v. 46, supp., p. 198-228, 2014. DOI: 10.1215/00182702-2716172.
BUCKLEY, S. Striking actors say rejected 'AI proposal' would let studios use their likeness without fair pay. Engadget.net, 13 jul. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.engadget.com/striking-actors-say-rejected-ai-proposal-would-let-studios-use-their-likeness-without-fair-pay-000025878.html. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
CARAMIAUX, B.; ALAOUI, S. F. “Explorers of unknown planets”: practices and politics of artificial intelligence in visual arts. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, v. 6, n. CSCW2, article 477, 2022. DOI: 10.1145/3555578.
CARRASCO B., M. Artistic beauty in the face of artificial intelligence art. In: JOVANOVIC, I. V.; STUPNIK, V. M. (eds.). Social and technological aspects of art challenges of the ‘new normal’. Rijeka: University of Rijeka, 2022, p. 93-112.
CASTELLANO, G.; LELLA, E.; VESSIO, G. Visual link retrieval and knowledge discovery in painting datasets. Multimedia Tools and Applications, n. 80, p. 6599-6616, 2021. DOI: 10.1007/s11042-020-09995-z.
CETINIC, E.; SHE, J. Understanding and creating art with AI: review and outlook. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications, v. 18, n. 2, article 66, 2022. DOI: 10.1145/3475799.
CHALMERS, D. J. The Singularity: a philosophical analysis. Journal of Consciousness Studies, v. 17, n. 9/10, p. 7-65, 2010.
DESMISTIFICANDO: a polêmica por trás de NGNL. Biblioteca Brasileira de Mangás, 15 set. 2016. Disponível em: https://blogbbm.com/2016/09/15/desmistificando-a-polemica-por-tras-de-ngnl/. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
EAGLETON, T. Marxismo e crítica literária. São Paulo: Ed. Unesp, [1976] 2011.
EIKHOF, D. R.; HAUNSCHILD, A. For art’s sake! Artistic and economic production logics in creative production. Journal of Organizational Behavior, v. 28, p. 523-538, 2007. DOI: 10.1002/job.462.
ESCOFFIER, N.; MCKELVEY, B. The wisdom of crowds in the movie industry: towards new solutions to reduce uncertainties. International Journal of Arts Management, v. 17, n. 2, p. 52-63, 2015.
FREY, B. S. Economics of art and culture. Berlin: Springer, 2019.
GE, J. When AI stole and finished your drawing then calls you a thief. Superpixel, 14 out. 2022. Disponível em: https://www.superpixel.com/article/243730/when-ai-stole-finished-your-drawing-then-calls-you-thief. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
GOMBRICH, E. H. La historia del arte. Ciudad de Mexico: Editorial Diana, [1950] 1989.
GRBA, D. Deep else: a critical framework of AI. Digital, n. 2, p. 1-32, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/digital2010001.
GRBA, D. Faux semblants: a critical outlook on the commercialization of digital art. Digital, n. 3, p. 67-80, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/digital3010005.
HENRIQUE, J. S.; MACHADO, A. F.; ANTIGO, M.F. Work satisfaction and job permanence in artistic careers: the case of musicians in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Journal of Cultural Economics, 2022. Forthcoming. DOI: 10.1007/s10824-022-09467-2
HERTZMANN, A. Can computers create art? Arts, v. 7, n. 18, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/arts7020018.
HOW to make an AI cover song with any artist's voice. MusicRadar, 4 mai. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.musicradar.com/how-to/ai-vocal-covers. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
HUTCHINSON, C.; JOHN, P. 'Minha obra foi copiada por IA mais do que a de Picasso'. BBC Brasil, 20 jul. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/cqq42vdygqxo. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
INTELIGÊNCIA artificial da IBM criou ‘trailer perfeito’ para filme. Olhar Digital, 1 set. 2016. Disponível em: https://olhardigital.com.br/2016/09/01/pro/inteligencia-artificial-da-ibm-criou-trailer-perfeito-para-filme/. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE OF THEATRICAL STAGE EMPLOYEES. 2022 VFX workers survey. 1 mar. 2023. Disponível em: https://vfxunion.org/2022-survey-results/. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
JUNQUEIRA, D. DeviantArt rouba arte de usuários para criar ferramenta de IA, mas volta atrás. Olhar Digital, 14 nov. 2023. Disponível em: https://olhardigital.com.br/2022/11/14/reviews/apos-queixa-de-usuarios-deviantart-altera-sistema-de-arte-criada-por-inteligencia-artificial/. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
KAHNEMAN, D. Rápido e devagar: duas formas de pensar. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2011.
KALPOKAS, I. Work of art in the age of its AI reproduction. Philosophy and Social Criticism, 2023. Forthcoming. DOI: 10.1177/01914537231184490.
KATANICH, D. The world's first AI art gallery opens in Amsterdam. Euronews, 21 mar. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/03/21/the-worlds-first-ai-art-gallery-opens-in-amsterdam. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
KEYNES, J. M. Economic possibilities for our grandchildren. 1930. In: KEYNES, J. M. Essays in persuasion. New York: Norton, [1931] 1963, p. 358-375. Disponível em: https://archive.org/details/essaysinpersuasi0000john_s8g6. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
KRÄMER, S. The artificiality of the human mind: a reflection on natural and artificial intelligence. In: NAGL-DOCEKAL, H.; ZACHARASIEWICZ, W. (eds.). Artificial intelligence and human enhancement: affirmative and critical approaches in the humanities. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2022, p. 17-32. DOI: 10.1515/9783110770216-003.
LANDGREBE, J.; SMITH, B. Why machines will never rule the world: artificial intelligence without fear. New York: Routledge, 2022.
LOCH, V. C. A obra de arte na era da inteligência artificial. 2021. Dissertação (Programa de Pós Graduação em Estudos da Linguagem) ─ Departamento Acadêmico de Linguagem e Comunicação. Curitiba: Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2021.
MAZZONE, M.; ELGAMMAL, A. Art, creativity, and the potential of artificial intelligence. Arts, v. 8, n. 26, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/arts8010026.
MCCORMACK, J. The value of AI art. In: CARVALHAIS, M. et al (eds.) The Book of X: 10 Years of Computation, Communication, Aesthetics and X. Porto: i2ADS-Research Institute in Art, Design and Society, 2022, p. 181–192.
MCMAHON, J. Is Hollywood a risky business? A political economic analysis of risk and creativity. New Political Economy, v. 24, n. 4, p. 487-509, 2019. DOI: 10.1080/13563467.2018.1460338.
MCMAHON, J. Why Scorcese is right about corporate power. Class, Race and Corporate Power, v. 10, n. 1, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48658237?seq=3. Acesso em: 8 ago. 2023.
MENGER, P.-M. Artistic labor markets and careers. Annual Review of Sociology, v. 25, p. 541-574, 1999.
MENGER, P.-M. Artistic labor markets: contingent work, excess supply and occupational risk management. In: GINSBURGH, V. A.; THROSBY, D. (eds.). Handbook of the economics of arts and culture. Amsterdam: North Holland, 2006, p. 766-811.
METCALFE, J. et al. Systemic oversimplification limits the potential for human-AI partnership. IEEE Access, v. 9, p. 70242-70260, 2021. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3078298.
MOURA, F. T.; CASTRUCCI, C.; HINDLEY, C. Artificial intelligence creates art? An experimental investigation of value and creativity perceptions. Journal of Creative Behavior, 2023. Forthcoming. DOI: 10.1002/jocb.600.
MORI, M. The uncanny valley. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, v. 19, n. 2, p. 98-100, [1970] 2012.
MURPHY, G. et al. Face/Off: changing the face of movies with deepfakes. PLoS One, v. 18, n. 7, e0287503, 2023. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287503.
NATALE, S.; HENRICKSON, L. The Lovelace effect: perceptions of creativity in machines. New Media & Society, 2022. Forthcoming. DOI: 10.1177/14614448221077278.
OLIVEIRA, R. M.; CARVALHO, D. A perspectiva na arte do renascimento. Educação Gráfica, v. 18, n. 1, p. 169-182, 2014.
PINHEIRO, A. M.; TIGRE, P. B. Inovação em serviços. In: RAPINI, M. S. et al (eds.). Economia da ciência, tecnologia e inovação: fundamentos teóricos e a economia global. Belo Horizonte: CEDEPLAR, 2021, p. 245-264.
RAGOT, M.; MARTIN, N.; COJEAN, S. AI-generated vs. Human artworks: a perception bias towards artificial intelligence. CHI EA '20: Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2020. DOI: 10.1145/3334480.3382892.
RAMOS, M. M. Fotografia e arte: demarcando fronteiras. Contemporânea, v. 12, n. 1, p. 129-142, 2009. DOI:10.12957/contemporanea.2009.359.
ROSCOE, J. AI-generated books of nonsense are all over Amazon's bestseller lists. Vice, 28 jun. 2023. Disponível em: https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7b774/ai-generated-books-of-nonsense-are-all-over-amazons-bestseller-lists. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
SALADINO, A. The visual effects crisis. The Royal Ocean Film Society, 30 set. 2022. Disponível em: https://www.andrewsaladino.work/visual-effects-crisis. 1 vídeo (20:17 min). Acesso em 5 ago. 2023.
SANCHEZ, T. Examining the text-to-image community of practice: why and how do people prompt generative AIs? C&C '23: Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Creativity and Cognition, jun. 2023, p. 43–61. DOI: 10.1145/3591196.3593051
SCHOBER, R. Passing the Turing test? AI generated poetry and posthuman creativity. In: NAGL-DOCEKAL, H.; ZACHARASIEWICZ, W. (eds.). Artificial intelligence and human enhancement: affirmative and critical approaches in the humanities. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2022, p. 151-166. DOI: 10.1515/9783110770216-009.
SHAH, S. The writers strike is taking a stand against AI. Time, 4 mai. 2023. Disponível em: https://time.com/6277158/writers-strike-ai-wga-screenwriting/. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
TEIXEIRA, F. O.; MISSIO, F. J. Nível de intensidade tecnológica e lei de Thirlwall multissetorial no Brasil (1998-2014). Análise Econômica, v. 39, n. 78, p. 145-175, 2021.
THROSBY, D.; ZEDNIK, A. Multiple job-holding and artistic careers: some empirical evidence. Cultural Trends, v. 20, n. 1, p. 9-24, 2011. DOI: 10.1080/09548963.2011.540809.
TOKUMITSU, M. Do what you love: and other lies about success & happiness. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.
TUBADJI, A.; HUANG, H.; WEBBER, D. J. Cultural proximity bias in AI-acceptability: the importance of being human. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, n. 173, 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121100.
YINGYING L.; YIXIAO Z. A review on the economics of artificial intelligence. Journal of Economic Surveys, v. 35, n. 4, p. 1045-1072, 2021. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12422.
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM. Creative disruption: the impact of emerging technologies on the creative economy. White paper. Geneva:
World Economic Forum, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/creative-disruption-the-impact-of-emerging-technologies-on-the-creative-economy. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
VALLANCE, C. 'Arte está morta': o polêmico boom de imagens geradas por inteligência artificial. BBCNews Brasil, 18 set. 2022. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-62949698. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.
YALALOV, D. Artstation loses traffic after cracking down on anti-AI protests. MetaversePost, 3 jan. 2023. Disponível em: https://mpost.io/artstation-loses-traffic-after-cracking-down-on-anti-ai-protests/. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2023.