Una arqueología del racismo cotidiano
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31239/vtg.v15i2.32872Palabras clave:
Racismo cotidiano, Australia, arqueología, justicia social, violencia estructural, cultura material moderna, arqueología del mundo contemporáneoResumen
Este artículo examina el papel de la cultura material en la reproducción del racismo cotidiano en Katherine, Territorio del Norte, Australia. Sostenemos que la inclusión está determinada por un diseño inclusivo apoyado por comportamientos inclusivos, y que los arqueólogos pueden ayudar a la creación de un mundo más igualitario, identificando cómo la cultura material actúa para excluir a ciertos grupos y replicar desigualdades que, de otro modo, podrían pasar desapercibidas. Este artículo forma parte del movimiento por la justicia social en arqueología que analiza los restos materiales, tanto del pasado como del presente, para revelar las relaciones entre el racismo, la discriminación racial y la desigualdad racial.
Descargas
Citas
Altman, J., & Hinkson, M. (Eds.). (2007). Coercive reconciliation: Stabilise, normalise, exit Aboriginal Australia. Arena Publications.
Anderson, J., & Christen, K. (2013). ‘Chuck a Copyright on it’: Dilemmas of digital return and the possibilities for traditional knowledge licenses and labels. Museum Anthropology Review, 7(1–2), 105–126.
Ascher, R. (1974). Tin*can archaeology. Historical Archaeology, 8, 7–16.
Aspen Institute. (2016). Glossary for understanding the dismantling structural racism/promoting racial equity analysis. The Aspen Institute.
Atalay, S., McGuire, R. H., & Welch, J. R. (Eds.). (2014). Transforming archaeology: Activist practices and prospects. Left Coast Press.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2020a). Census QuickStats: Katherine. https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/UCL71400.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2020b) Census QuickStats: Barunga. https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC70023.
Australian Government. (2020, December). Basics Card. Services Australia. https://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/centrelink/basicscard.
Australian Government. (2007). Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2011C00053
Australian Law Reform Commission. (2018). Pathways to justice inquiry into the incarceration rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples summary report. Australian Government. https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/pathways-to-justice-inquiry-into-the-incarceration-rate-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples-alrc-133-summary/summary-report-7/disproportionate-incarceration-rate-2/.
Awofeso, N. (2011). Racism: A major impediment to optimal Indigenous health and health care within Australia. Australian Indigenous Health Bulletin, 11, 2-13.
Babson, D. W. (1990). The archaeology of racism and ethnicity on southern plantations. Historical Archaeology, 20, 20-28.
Bhattacharya, T. (Ed.). (2017). Social reproduction theory. Remapping class. Recentering oppression. Pluto Press.
Bernbeck, R. (2008). Structural violence. Archaeologies, 4(3), 390-417.
Blair, K., Dunn, K. M., Kamp, A., & Alam, O. (2017). Challenging racism project 2015-16. National Survey Report. https://doi.org/10.4225/35/58cb62d270392.
Blakey, M. L. (2020). Archaeology under the blinding light of race. Current Anthropology, 61(Suppl. 22), 183-197.
Bourdieu, P. (1977) Power and ideology in education. Oxford University Press.
Brady, L.M., & Kearney, A. (2016). Sitting in the gap: Ethnoarchaeology, rock art and methodological openness. World Archaeology, 48(5), 642–655.
Breen, J. (2019, March 15). Police powers at NT bottle shops expanded despite concerns about racial profiling. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-15/expanded-police-bottle-shop-powers-despite-racial-profiling/10904640.
Burke, M. (2019). Colorblind racism. Polity Press.
Clifford, S., Smith, J., & Christie, B. (2020). “You see the very sharp edge of the problems of prejudice in town”: Youth service providers’ perceptions of a regional community Facebook group. Social Media + Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120904708.
D’Abbs, P. (2012). Problematizing alcohol through the eyes of the other: Alcohol policy and Aboriginal drinking in the Northern Territory, Australia. Contemporary Drug Problems, 39, 371-396.
DiAngelo, R. (2011). White fragility. International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 3(3), 54–70.
DiAngelo, R. (2018). White fragility. Why it’s so hard for white people to talk about racism. Beacon Press.
Epperson, T. W. (2004). Critical race theory and the archaeology of the African Diaspora. Historical Archaeology, 38(1), 101–108.
Essed, P. (1991). Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory. Sage Publications.
Everingham, S. (2017, June 29). Northern Territory Emergency Response: Views on ‘Intervention’ differ 10 years on. ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-21/northern-territory-intervention-flawed-indigenous-nt-scullion/8637034.
Everyday Sexism Project (2017). The Everyday Sexism Project. http://everydaysexism.com/.
Ferguson, S. (2017, November 29). Social reproduction. What’s the big idea? Marxismo Critico. https://marxismocritico.com/2017/11/29/social-reproduction-whats-the-big-idea/.
Fforde, C., Hubert, J., & Turnbull, P. (Eds.). (2002). The dead and their possessions: Repatriation in principle, policy and practice. Routledge.
Franklin, M., Dunnavant, J.P., Flewellen, A.O., & Odewale, A. (2020). The future is now: Archaeology and the eradication of anti-blackness. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 24, 753–766.
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191.
Goldstein, A. (2018). On the reproduction of race, capitalism, and settler colonialism. In R. Ananya (Ed.), Race and capitalism. Global territories, transnational histories (pp. 42-51). Institute on Inequality and Democracy at UCLA Luskin.
Gosden, C. (2006). Race and racism in archaeology: introduction. World Archaeology, 38(1), 1-7.
Grant, S. (2017, August 7). Garma: In 2017, the struggle for Indigenous Australians to be seen and heard continues. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-04/stan-grant-garma-festival-indigenous-australians-not-invisible/8775850.
Graves-Brown, P. (2000). Introduction. In P. Graves-Brown (Ed.), Matter, Materiality and Modern Culture (pp. 1–9). Routledge.
Gronow, D., & Kabora, T. (2017). Challenging racism in archaeology. The Posthole, 50, 2-4. https://www.theposthole.org/read/issue/50.
Harrison, R., & Schofield, J. (2010). After modernity: Archaeological approaches to the contemporary past. Oxford University Press.
Jones, T., & Norwood, K. J. (2017). Aggressive encounters & white fragility: Deconstructing the trope of the angry black woman. Iowa Law Review, 102(5), 2017─2070.
Kato, H. (2017). Archaeological heritage and Hokkaido Ainu: Ethnicity and research ethics. In C. Hillerdal, A. Karlström, & C.G. Ojala (Eds.), Archaeologies of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’: Debating history, heritage and indigeneity (pp. 218–232). Routledge.
Legislative Council for the Northern Territory of Australia. (1964). Licensing ordinance 1964 (No. 35 of 1964). Northern Territory Government. http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nt/num_ord/lo196435o1964203/.
Leone, M. P. (1977). The New Mormon temple in Washington, D. C. In L. Ferguson (Ed.), Historical archaeology and the importance of material things. Historical Archaeology. Special Publication Series, 2, 43-61.
Leone, M. P. (1982). Some opinions about recovering mind. American Antiquity, 47(4), 742-760.
Leone, M. P. (1984). Interpreting ideology in historical archaeology: Using the rules of perspective in the William Paca Garden in Annapolis, Maryland. In C. Tilley, & D. Miller (Eds.), Ideology, representation and power in prehistory (pp. 25-35). Cambridge University Press.
Leone, M. P., Potter, P. B., Jr., & Shackel, P. A. (1987). Toward a critical archaeology. Current Anthropology, 28, 283–302.
Leone, M. P., & Preucel, R. (1992). Archaeology in a democratic society: A critical theory perspective. In L. Wandsnider (Ed.), Quandaries and quests: Visions of archaeology’s future (pp. 115–135). Center for Archaeological Investigations, Carbondale.
Leone, M. P., Palus, M. M., & Cochran, M. D. (2006). Critical archaeology: Politics past and present. In M. Hall, & S. Silliman (Eds.), Historical Archaeology (pp.84-104). Blackwells.
Leone, M. P., & Knauf, J.E. (Eds.). (2015). Historical archaeologies of capitalism. Springer.
Leone, M. P. (2016). Critical historical archaeology (2nd ed.). Routledge. (Original work published 2010)
Lonetree, A. (2006). Guest editor’s remarks: Critical engagements with the national museum of the American Indian. American Indian Quarterly, 30(3/4), 507–510.
Lydon, J. & Rizvi, U. Z. (Eds.). 2014. Handbook of postcolonial archaeology. Left Coast Press.
Markus, A. (2016). Mapping social cohesion: The Scanlon Foundation surveys 2016. Monash University.
Matthews, C., Leone, M. P., & Jordan, K. A. (2002). The political economy of archaeological cultures. Marxism and American historical archaeology. Journal of Social Archaeology, 2(1), 109–134.
Mullins, P. (2006). Racializing the commonplace landscape: an archaeology of urban renewal along the color line. World Archaeology, 38(1), 60–71.
Mullins, P. (2008a). Excavating America’s metaphor: Race, diaspora and vindicationist archaeologies. Historical Archaeology, 42(2), 104–122.
Mullins, P. (2008b). The politics of a global archaeology of race and the color line: Response to Armstrong, Bell, Brandon, and Dawdy. Historical Archaeology, 42(2), 157–162.
Mullins, P. R., & Jones, L. C. (2011). Archaeologies of race and urban poverty: The politics of slumming, engagement, and the Color Line. Historical Archaeology, 45(1), 33–50.
Morton-Robinson, A. (2002). Talkin’ up to the white woman. University of Queensland Press.
Morton-Robinson, A. (2015). The white possessive. property, power and Indigenous sovereignty. University of Minnesota Press.
Munro, K. (2019). “Social reproduction theory,” social reproduction, and household production. Science & Society, 83(4), 451-468.
Nicholas, G. P., & Bannister, K. (2004). Copyrighting the past? Emerging intellectual property rights issues in archaeology. Current Anthropology, 45(3), 327–350.
Nittle, N. (2018). Recognizing microaggressions. Enslow Publishing.
Northern Territory Government, Department of Health. (2021a). Where you can’t drink in the NT. https://health.nt.gov.au/professionals/alcohol-and-other-drugs-health-professionals/alcohol-for-health-professionals/banned-drinker-register.
Northern Territory Government, Department of Health. (2021b). Alcohol. https://health.nt.gov.au/professionals/alcohol-and-other-drugs-health-professionals/alcohol-for-health-professionals/banned-drinker-register.
Northern Territory Police Force. (2021). Licensed Premises Point of Sale Intervention. https://pfes.nt.gov.au/sites/default/files/uploads/files/2020/NTPF%20Information_POSI_A3%20Poster.pdf.
Orser, C. E. (1998). The challenge of race to American historical archaeology. American Anthropologist, 100(3), 661-668.
Paradies, Y. C., & Cunningham, J. (2012). The DRUID study: Racism and self-assessed health status in an indigenous population. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 131.
Politis, G. (2015). Reflections on contemporary ethnoarchaeology. Pyrenae, 46(1), 41─83.
Pollard, K., Smith, C., & Ralph, J. (2017). Contested spaces: The ‘long-grassers’. Living private lives in public places. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/contested-spaces-the-long-grassers-living-private-lives-in-public-places-72199.
Ralph, J. (2019). Critical Intervention. An Archaeology of Modern Material Culture, Graffiti, and Government Policy in a Remote Aboriginal Community, Northern Territory, Australia. Doctoral thesis, Flinders University, South Australia.
Rathje, W. (1979). Modern material culture studies. In M.B. Schiffer (Ed.), Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory Vol. 2 (pp. 1-37). Academic Press.
Rathje, W., & Murphy, C. (1992). Rubbish! The archaeology of garbage. Harper Collins.
Schiffer, M., & Miller, A. R. (1999). The material life of human beings: Artifacts, behavior, and communication. Routledge.
Sherwood, J. (2013). Colonisation – It’s bad for your health: The context of Aboriginal health. Contemporary Nurse, 46(1), 28-40.
Singleton, T. (2009). The archaeology of slavery and plantation life. Left Coast Press.
Smith, C. (2020). Country, kin and culture. Survival of an Aboriginal community. Wakefield Press.
Smith, C., & Wobst, H. M. (2005). The next step: Archaeology for social justice. In C. Smith, H.M. Wobst (Eds.), Indigenous archaeologies: Decolonising theory and practice (pp. 390-92). Routledge.
Smith, C., & Jackson, G. (2008). The ethics of collaboration. Whose culture? Whose intellectual property? Who benefits? In C. Colwell-Chanthaphonh, & T. J. Ferguson (Eds.), Collaboration in archaeological practice: Engaging descendent communities (pp. 171─191). AltaMira Press.
Smith, C., Ralph, J., & Pollard, K. (2017). The markers of everyday racism in Australia. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/the-markers-of-everyday-racism-in-australia-71152.
Smith, C., Burke, H., Gorman, A., Ralph, J., Pollard, K., Wilson, C., Hemming, S., Rigney, D., Wesley, D., Morrison, M., McNaughton, D., Domingo, I., Moffat, I., Roberts, A., Koolmatrie, J., Willika, J., Pamkal, I., & Jackson, G. (2019). Pursuing social justice through collaborative archaeologies in Aboriginal Australia. Archaeologies 15(3), 536-569.
South, S. (1979). Historic site content, structure and function. American Antiquity, 44(2), 213–237.
Supernant, K., Baxter J. E., Lyons, N., & Atalay, S. (Eds.). (2020). Archaeologies of the heart. Springer.
Van Dijk, T. A. (Ed.). (2009). Racism and discourse in Latin America. Lexington Books.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2012). The role of the press in the reproduction of racism. In M. Messer, R. Schroeder, & R. Wodak (Eds.), Migrations: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 15─29). Springer.
Verán, C. (2020, September). Blak Lives Matter: Indigenous Australia’s solidarity with the U.S. movement for Black Lives. Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/blak-lives-matter-indigenous-australias-solidarity-us.
Wasson, R. R. (1995). Race, ethnicity and homelessness. Journal for Peace and Justice Studies, 6(2), 19–51.
Wild, R., & Anderson, P. (2007). Ampe akelyernemane meke mekarle ‘Little children are sacred’: Report of the Northern Territory board of inquiry into the protection of Aboriginal children from sexual abuse. Northern Territory Government.
Wilk, R., & Schiffer, M. (1979). The archaeology of vacant lots in Tucson, Arizona. American Antiquity, 44(3), 530–536.
Wilson, C. (2009). Implications and challenges of repatriating and reburying Ngarrindjeri Old People from the ‘Edinburgh Collection’. Museum International, 61(1/2), 37–40.
Zimmerman, L. J. (2016). Homeless, home-making, and archaeology: ‘To be at home wherever I find myself’. In M. Bille, & T.f. Sorensen (Eds.), Elements of architecture: Assembling archaeology, atmosphere and the performance of building spaces (pp. 256–272). Routledge.
Zimmerman, L. J., Singleton, C., & Welch, J. (2010). Activism and creating a translational archaeology of homelessness. World Archaeology, 42(3), 443–454.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2021 Claire Smith, Jordan Ralph, Elspeth Hodgkin, Susan Arthure, Heather Burke, Kellie Pollard, Joslyn McCartney, Jean Tiati, Jasmine Willika
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
O trabalho Vestígios - Revista Latino-Americana de Arqueologia Histórica de https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/vestigios/index está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
Baseado no trabalho disponível em https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/vestigios/index.
Podem estar disponíveis autorizações adicionais às concedidas no âmbito desta licença em https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/vestigios/index.