Cidade transatlântica, parte 1
urbanismo conjuntural
Mots-clés :
Atlantic City, urbanismo empresarial, financeirização, neoliberalismo, teoria urbanaRésumé
Como introdução primeira parte de um artigo de duas partes que explora as transformações contemporâneas na governação metropolitana no despertar das viradas na sequência das viragens empresariais dos anos 1980 e das rodadas vagas subsequentes de neoliberalização e financeirização, defende-se aqui uma abordagem “conjuntural” à análise urbana. Esta pode ser considerada complementar, mas, ao mesmo tempo, distinta, de algumas das abordagens concorrentes ao urbanismo comparativo, enquanto problematiza explicitamente o posicionamento relativo das cidades no contexto de um desenvolvimento desigual e de relações multiescalares, bem como as ligações dialógicas entre estudos de caso, conceitos de nível intermédio e reivindicações teóricas passíveis de revisão. Tomando como ponto de partida a atual crise financeira e política em Atlantic City, a capital dos cassinos de Nova Jersey, o artigo historiciza o conceito de cidade empreendedora, colocando-o no contexto, sucessivamente, da evolução do “senso comum” da governação neoliberal, da emergência do urbanismo de austeridade e da intensificação da reestruturação financeirizada. Ao traçar um arco desde as reivindicações teóricas mais abstratas até às circunstâncias específicas da reestruturação urbana contemporânea nos Estados Unidos, o artigo prepara o terreno para a análise mais granular e concreta da Atlantic City “tardiamente empreendedora” que se seguirá na Parte 2. Enquanto é necessário construir alguma desta encenação, esta primeira parte do artigo reflete sobre algumas das implicações metodológicas de uma abordagem conjuntural aos estudos urbanos.
Références
ANDERSON, M. W. Democratic dissolution: Radical experimentation in state takeovers of local governments. Fordham Urban Law Journal, v. 39, n. 3, p. 577–624, 2012.
APPLE, M. W. Ideology and curriculum. New York: Routledge, 1990.
BAN, C. Ruling Ideas: How Global Neoliberalism Goes Local. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
BECKERMAN, J. S&P cuts rating on Atlantic City, N.J., into junk territory. Wall Street Journal, 27 Jan. 2015. Disponível em: http://www.wsj.com/articles/s-p-cuts-rating-on-atlantic-city-n-j-into-junk-territory-1422406351. Acesso em: 29 set. 2016.
BLYTH, M. Austerity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
BOUINOT, J.; LOVI, C. L’action économique des grandes villes en France et à l’étranger. Paris: Economica, 1987.
BRAUDEL, F. The Perspective of the World. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992.
BRENNER, N. New State Spaces. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
BRENNER, N.; SCHMID, C. Towards a new epistemology of the urban? City, v. 19, n. 2–3, p. 151–182, 2015.
BRENNER, N.; THEODORE, N. (Org.). Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
BRENNER, N.; PECK, J.; THEODORE, N. Variegated neoliberalization: Geographies, modalities, pathways. Global Networks, v. 10, n. 2, p. 182–222, 2010.
COUNCIL ON CASINOS. Why Casinos Matter. New York: Institute for American Values, 2013.
DARRAGH, T. The men who would save Atlantic City: Christie’s fixers target 'awful mess'. NJ.com, 25 Jan. 2015. Disponível em: http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2015/01/atlantic_city_management_team_is_experienced_with.html. Acesso em: 29 set. 2016.
DAVIDSON, M.; WARD, K. ‘Picking up the pieces’: Austerity urbanism, California and fiscal crisis. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, v. 7, n. 1, p. 81–97, 2014.
DAVIDSON, M.; WARD, K. (Org.). Cities under Austerity: Restructuring the U.S. Metropolis. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, [no prelo].
DONALD, B.; GLASMEIER, A.; GRAY, M. et al. Austerity in the city: Economic crisis and urban service decline? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, v. 7, n. 1, p. 3–15, 2014.
EIDE, S. Sucker bet. City Journal, 29 Mar. 2015. Disponível em: http://www.city-journal.org/html/sucker-bet-11543.html. Acesso em: 29 set. 2016.
EIDE, S. Caesarism for cities. City Journal, v. 26, n. 1, p. 70–75, 2016.
FRASER, N. Legitimation crisis? On the political contradictions of financialized capitalism. Critical Historical Studies, v. 2, n. 2, p. 157–189, 2015.
FRIEDMAN, T. L. The Lexus and the Olive Tree. New York: Anchor, 2000.
GILLETTE, C. P. Dictatorships for democracy: Takeovers of financially failed cities. Columbia Law Review, v. 114, n. 6, p. 1373–1462, 2014.
GROSSBERG, L. On postmodernism and articulation: An interview with Stuart Hall. In: MORLEY, D.; CHEN, K.-H. (Org.). Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues. London: Routledge, 1996. p. 131–150.
HACKWORTH, J. The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007.
HACKWORTH, J. Defiant neoliberalism and the danger of Detroit. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 2016. DOI: 10.1111/tesg.12184.
HADDON, H.; DAWSEY, J. State manager will oversee Atlantic City. Wall Street Journal, 22 Jan. 2015, p. A13.
HADDON, H.; MACMILLAN, T. Atlantic City’s new manager gets 60 days for new plan. Wall Street Journal, 23 Jan. 2015, p. A20.
HALL, S. The neo-liberal revolution. Cultural Studies, v. 25, n. 6, p. 705–728, 2011.
HALL, S.; MASSEY, D. Interpreting the crisis. Soundings, n. 44, p. 57–71, 2010.
HALL, T.; HUBBARD, P. (Org.). The Entrepreneurial City. Chichester: Wiley, 1998.
HANNA, M.; PARMLEY, S.; ROSENBERG, A. S. Christie’s ‘aggressive action’: Emergency managers for A.C. Philadelphia Inquirer, 23 Jan. 2015, p. 1.
HARVEY, D. Three myths in search of a reality in urban studies. Society and Space, v. 5, n. 4, p. 367–376, 1987.
HARVEY, D. From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism. Geografiska Annaler B, v. 71, n. 1, p. 3–17, 1989.
HARVEY, D. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
HARVEY, D. The Way of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
JESSOP, B.; SUM, N.-L. An entrepreneurial city in action: Hong Kong’s emerging strategies in and for (inter) urban competition. Urban Studies, v. 37, n. 12, p. 2287–2313, 2000.
JONAS, A. E. G.; WILSON, D. (Org.). The Urban Growth Machine. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1997.
KIRKPATRICK, L. O.; SMITH, M. P. The infrastructural limits to growth: Rethinking the urban growth machine in times of fiscal crisis. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v. 35, n. 3, p. 477–503, 2011.
KITSON, M.; MARTIN, R.; TYLER, P. The geographies of austerity. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, v. 4, n. 3, p. 289–302, 2011.
LAKE, R. W. The financialization of urban policy in the age of Obama. Journal of Urban Affairs, v. 37, n. 1, p. 75–78, 2015.
LAURIA, M. (Org.). Reconstructing Urban Regime Theory. London: SAGE, 1996.
LE GALÈS, P. Neoliberalism and urban change: Stretching a good idea too far? Territory, Politics and Governance, v. 4, n. 2, p. 1–19, 2016.
LEITNER, H. Cities in pursuit of economic growth: The local state as entrepreneur. Political Geography Quarterly, v. 9, n. 2, p. 146–170, 1990.
LEITNER, H.; SHEPPARD, E. Provincializing critical urban theory: Extending the ecosystem of possibilities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v. 40, n. 1, p. 228–235, 2016.
LOBAO, L. M.; ADUA, L. State rescaling and local governments’ austerity policies across the U.S.A., 2001–2008. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, v. 4, n. 3, p. 419–435, 2011.
LU, A. Online gambling revenues fall short. Stateline, 24 June 2014. Disponível em: http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2014/06/online-gambling-revenues-fall-short. Acesso em: 29 set. 2016.
McCANN, E. Urban policy mobilities and global circuits of knowledge: Toward a research agenda. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 101, n. 1, p. 107–130, 2011.
McFARLANE, C. The entrepreneurial slum: Civil society, mobility and the co-production of urban development. Urban Studies, v. 49, n. 13, p. 2795–2816, 2012.
McFARLANE, C. Studies in comparative urbanism. In: DESAI, V.; POTTER, R. B. (Org.). The Companion to Development Studies. London: Hodder Education, 2014. p. 296–298.
MACLEOD, G. Globalizing Parisian thought-waves: Recent advances in the study of social regulation, politics, discourse and space. Progress in Human Geography, v. 21, n. 2, p. 530–553, 1997.
MURRAY, M. City of Extremes: The Spatial Politics of Johannesburg. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.
OECD. Competitive Cities: A New Entrepreneurial Paradigm in Spatial Development. Paris: OECD, 2007.
OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR, NEW JERSEY. Executive Order No. 171. Trenton, NJ: State of New Jersey, 22 Jan. 2015.
PARK, B.-G.; HILL, R. C.; SAITO, A. Locating Neoliberalism in East Asia: Neoliberalizing Spaces in Developmental States. Oxford: Wiley, 2012.
PARNELL, S.; ROBINSON, J. (Re)theorizing cities from the global South: Looking beyond neoliberalism. Urban Geography, v. 33, n. 4, p. 593–617, 2012.
PARRY, W. Atlantic City mayor: At least we’re not Detroit. Yahoo Finance, 15 Jan. 2015. Disponível em: http://finance.yahoo.com/news/atlantic-city-mayor-least-were-231433591.html. Acesso em: 29 set. 2016.
PARRY, W. Gambling market saturated in Northeast, yet casinos keep on coming. Morning Call, 28 May 2016. Disponível em: http://www.mcall.com/news/nationworld/pennsylvania/mc-us-casino-saturation-20150528-story.html. Acesso em: 29 set. 2016.
PECK, J. Geography and public policy: Constructions of neoliberalism. Progress in Human Geography, v. 28, n. 3, p. 392–405, 2004.
PECK, J. Austerity urbanism: American cities under extreme economy. City, v. 16, n. 6, p. 626–655, 2012.
PECK, J. Austere reason, and the eschatology of neoliberalism’s End Times. Comparative European Politics, v. 11, n. 6, p. 713–721, 2013a.
PECK, J. Explaining (with) neoliberalism. Territory, Politics, Governance, v. 1, n. 2, p. 132–157, 2013b.
PECK, J. Entrepreneurial urbanism: Between uncommon sense and dull compulsion. Geografiska Annaler B, v. 96, n. 4, p. 396–401, 2014a.
PECK, J. Pushing austerity: State failure, municipal bankruptcy and the crises of fiscal federalism in the USA. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, v. 7, n. 1, p. 17–44, 2014b.
PECK, J. Cities beyond compare? Regional Studies, v. 49, n. 1, p. 160–182, 2015a.
PECK, J. Framing Detroit. In: SMITH, M. P.; KIRKPATRICK, L. O. (Org.). Reinventing Detroit. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction, 2015b. p. 145–166.
PECK, J.; THEODORE, N. Reanimating neoliberalism: Process-geographies of neoliberalization. Social Anthropology, v. 20, n. 2, p. 177–185, 2012.
PECK, J.; WHITESIDE, H. Financializing Detroit. Economic Geography, v. 92, n. 3, p. 235–268, 2016.
PECK, J.; THEODORE, N.; BRENNER, N. Post-neoliberalism and its malcontents. Antipode, v. 41, supl. 1, p. 94–116, 2010.
PECK, J.; THEODORE, N.; BRENNER, N. Neoliberal urbanism redux? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v. 37, n. 3, p. 1091–1099, 2013.
PICKVANCE, C. G. The limits of neoliberalism: Is the concept of neoliberalism helpful in the study of urban policy? In: KÜNKEL, J.; MARGIT, M. (Org.). Neoliberal Urbanism and its Contestations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. p. 46–62.
PINSON, G.; MOREL JOURNEL, C. The neoliberal city: Theory, evidence, debates. Territory, Politics, Governance, v. 4, n. 2, p. 137–153, 2016.
PORTES, A.; ROBERTS, B. R. The free-market city: Latin American urbanization in the years of the neoliberal experiment. Studies in Comparative International Development, v. 40, n. 1, p. 43–82, 2005.
ROBINSON, J. The travels of urban neoliberalism: Taking stock of the internationalization of urban theory. Urban Geography, v. 32, n. 8, p. 1087–1109, 2010.
ROBINSON, J. Cities in a world of cities: The comparative gesture. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v. 35, n. 1, p. 1–23, 2011.
ROBINSON, J. Comparative urbanism: New geographies and cultures of theorizing the urban. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v. 40, n. 1, p. 187–199, 2015.
ROJEK, C. Stuart Hall. Oxford: Wiley, 2003.
ROMAN, L. G. Conjunctural thinking – 'pessimism of the intellect, optimism of the will': Lawrence Grossberg remembers Stuart Hall. Discourse, v. 36, n. 2, p. 185–199, 2015.
ROY, A. The 21st-century metropolis: New geographies of theory. Regional Studies, v. 43, n. 6, p. 819–830, 2009.
RUSS, H. Moody’s slashes Atlantic City rating on bankruptcy potential. Reuters, 23 Jan. 2015. Disponível em: http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/24/us-atlantic-city-ratings-idUSKBN0KW26V20150124. Acesso em: 29 set. 2016.
SCHÖNIG, B.; SCHIPPER, S. (Org.). Urban Austerity: Impacts of the Global Financial Crisis on Cities in Europe. Berlin: Theater der Zeit, 2016.
SCHUMPETER, J. A. The crisis of the tax state. Leipzig: Leuschner and Lubensky, 1918.
SCHWARTZ, D. G. Atlantic City Gaming Revenue: Statistics for Casino, Slot, and Table Win, 1978–2015. Las Vegas, NV: Center for Gaming Research, 2016.
SLACK, J. D. The theory and method of articulation in cultural studies. In: MORLEY, D.; CHEN, K.-H. (Org.). Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues. London: Routledge, 1996. p. 112–127.
STERNLIEB, G.; HUGHES, J. W. The Atlantic City Gamble. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.
STORPER, M.; SCOTT, A. J. Current debates in urban theory: A critical assessment. Urban Studies, v. 53, n. 6, p. 1114–1136, 2016.
TABB, W. K. The wider context of austerity urbanism. City, v. 18, n. 2, p. 87–100, 2014.
THEODORE, N.; PECK, J. Framing neoliberal urbanism: Translating 'common sense' urban policy across the OECD zone. European Urban and Regional Studies, v. 19, n. 1, p. 20–41, 2012.
THOMPSON, J. B. The metamorphosis of a crisis. In: CASTELLS, M.; CARAXCA, J.; CARDOSO, G. (Org.). Aftermath: The Cultures of the Economic Crisis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. p. 59–81.
WARD, K. Toward a comparative (re)turn in urban studies? Some reflections. Urban Geography, v. 29, n. 5, p. 405–410, 2008.
WEBER, R. Selling city futures: The financialization of urban redevelopment policy. Economic Geography, v. 86, n. 3, p. 251–274, 2010.
WILLIAMS, R. Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
WOLFSON, J. America’s casino-saturation problem. New Yorker, 18 Nov. 2014. Disponível em: http://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/americas-casino-saturation-problem. Acesso em: 29 set. 2016.
WOLMAN, H. L.; FORD, C. C.; HILL, E. W. Evaluating the success of urban success stories. Urban Studies, v. 31, n. 6, p. 835–850, 1993.
Téléchargements
Publiée
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
(c) Copyright SAGE Journals; Urban Studies 2017
Ce travail est disponible sous la licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International .
Os artigos desta revista obedecem a licença Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0
