Sobre a tradução literária como atividade humana por excelência

implicações éticas para a tradução automática de literatura

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35699/2317-2096.2020.22047

Palavras-chave:

ética, tradução literária, tradução automática, arte, recriação, autoria

Resumo

A qualidade dos sistemas de tradução automática de última geração tem levado vários estudiosos a investigarem a prontidão de tais sistemas para a tradução “literária”. Todavia, estudos na área não informam explicitamente o que consideram como literatura e partem equivocadamente do princípio de que a tradução literária é uma questão de transferir significado e/ou forma de uma língua para outra. Abordando a literatura como arte e a tradução literária como uma tarefa artística de recriação, contrapomos, neste artigo, a noção de que a tradução automática literária pode ser vista como uma evolução incontestável das tecnologias de tradução. Apesar da prevalência de abordagens éticas utilitaristas na área, consideramos, numa abordagem deontológica, que o valor estético, a mediação cultural (que inclui o uso de paratextos) e a autoria da tradução literária têm (devem ter) prioridade em nossas avaliações éticas da viabilidade e das reais contribuições da tradução automática de textos literários.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Cynthia Beatrice Costa, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia

Cynthia Beatrice Costa is a professor at Universidade Federal de Uberlandia (UFU), Brazil. She holds a master’s degree in Comparative Literature by Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), Brazil, and a doctorate degree in Translation Studies by Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFSC), Brazil. She is a permanent member of the Postgraduate Program in Liteary Studies (PPLET/UFU) and of the Postgraduate Program in Translation Studies (PGET/UFSC).

Igor A. Lourenço da Silva, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais / Brasil

Igor A. Lourenço da Silva is an assistant professor at Universidade Federal de Uberlandia (UFU), Brazil. He holds a master’s and PhD degree in Linguistics from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil. His main fields of research comprise translation expertise and human-computer interaction. He is an associate member of LETRA/UFMG (Laboratory for Experimentation in Translation) and permanent member of the Graduate Program in Linguistics (PosLin) at UFMG.

Referências

ARISTOTLE. Poetics. Translated by Anthony Kenny. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00258601.

AUDI, Robert. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. 2. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

AUERBACH, Erich. Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Thought. Translated by Willard R. Trask. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.

BADIOU, Alain. Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil. Translated by Peter Hallward. London: Verso, 2001.

BARTHES, Roland. O prazer do texto. Translated by J. Guinsburgl. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 1987.

BEITTEL, Kenneth R. On the Relationships Between Art and General Creativity: A Biased History and Projection of a Partial Conquest. The School Review, Chicago, v. 72, n. 3, p. 272-288, 1964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/442704.

BENJAMIN, Walter. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. In: BENJAMIN, Walter. Illuminations: Essays and Reflections. Translated by Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken Books, 2007. p. 217-252.

BERMAN, Antoine. Pour une critique des traductions: John Donne. Paris: Gallimard, 1995.

BESACIER, Laurent. Traduction automatisée d’une oeuvre littéraire: une étude pilote. Traitement Automatique du Langage Naturel, Marseille,

p. 1-7, July 2014. Available on: https://hal.inria.fr/file/index/docid/1003944/filename/taln-besacier.pdf. Access at: 15 June 2020.

BOHM, David. On Creativity. London: Routledge, 1998.

BRITTO, Paulo Henriques. A tradução literária. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2012.

BRITTO, Paulo Henriques. O tradutor como mediador cultural. Synergies Brésil, São Paulo, n. esp. 2, p. 135-141, 2010.

CAMPOS, Haroldo de. Transcriação. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2013.

CAMPOS, Haroldo de; PIGNATARI, Décio; CAMPOS, Augusto de. Teoria da poesia concreta: textos críticos e manifestos 1950-1960. Cotia: Ateliê Editorial, 2006.

CASTILHO, Sheila; O’BRIEN, Sharon. Acceptability of Machine-Translated Content: A Multi-Language Evaluation by Translators and End-Users. Linguistica Antverpiensia, Antwerp, v. 16, p. 120-136, 2017.

COLLINS, Harry. Artifictional Intelligence: Against Humanity’s “Surrender” to Computers. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018.

COLLINS, Harry; EVANS, Robert. Rethinking Expertise. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/442704.

COSTA, Cynthia Beatrice. Dom Casmurro em inglês: tradução e recepção de um clássico brasileiro. 2016. 392f. Dissertation (Doctorate degree) – Postgraduate Translation Studies programme (PGET) at Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 2016.

CRONIN, Michael. The Translation Age: Translation, Technology, and the New Instrumentalism. In: VENUTI, Lawrence (ed.). The Translation Studies Reader. 3. ed. New York: Routledge, 2012. p. 469-482.

DA SILVA, Igor A. Lourenço. Translation, Expert Performance, and Cognition. In: ALVES, Fabio; JAKOBSEN, Arnt L. (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Cognition. London: Routledge, 2020.

p. 461-477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315178127-31.

DA SILVA, Igor A. Lourenço; COSTA, Cynthia Beatrice. A tradução automática de textos literários e o comportamento do tradutor em formação: reflexões para o ensino da tradução. In: PEREIRA, Germana Henriques; COSTA; Patrícia Rodrigues. Os desafios da formação de tradutores no Brasil: passado, presente e futuro. São Paulo: Pontes Editores. [in press].

DIÑO, Gino. Machine Translates Literature and about 25% Was Flawless, Research Claims. Slator – Language Industry Intelligence, [S.l.], 19 Jan. 2018. Available on: https://slator.com/technology/machine-translates-literature-and-about-25-was-flawless-research-claims/. Access at: 15 June 2020.

ECO, Umberto. Obra aberta. Translated by Giovanni Cutolo. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 1991.

EGGERS, Dave. Foreword. In: ASSIS, Machado de. The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas. Translated by Flora Thomson-DeVeaux. New York: Penguin Books, 2020. E-book.

FORSYTH, Donelson R. A Taxonomy of Ethical Ideologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Washington, DC, n. 39, p. 175-184, 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.1.175.

GENETTE, Gérard. Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation. Translated by Jane E. Lewin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

GLAVEANU, Vlad; LUBART, Todd; BONNARDEL, Nathalie et al. Creativity as Action: Findings from Five Creative Domains. Frontiers in Psychology, Lausanne, v. 4, p. 1-14, Apr. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00176. Available on: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00176/full. Access at: 15 June 2020.

GRENOBLE, Lenore; SINGERMAN, Adam Roth. Minority Languages. In: OXFORD Bibliographies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199772810-0176. Available on: https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0176.xml. Access at: 15 June 2020.

HADLEY, James; POPOVIĆ, Maja; AFLI, Haithem; WAY, Andy (ed.). The Qualities of Literary Machine Translation. Dublin: Machine Translation Summit, 2019.

HOGAN, Robert. A Dimension of Moral Judgment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Washington, DC, v. 35, n. 2, p. 205-212, 1970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030095.

HUMBLÉ, Philip. Machine Translation and Poetry: The Case of English and Portuguese. Ilha do Desterro, Florianópolis, v. 72, n. 2, p. 41-56, maio/ago 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2019v72n2p41.

JÄÄSKELÄINEN, Riitta. Tapping the Process: An Explorative Study of the Cognitive and Affective Factors Involved in Translating. Joensuu: Joensuun Yliopisto, 1999.

JAUSS, Hans Robert. Aesthetic Experience and Literary Hermeneutics. Translated by Michael Shaw. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982.

JONES, Jonathan. A Portrait Created by AI just Sold for $ 432,000. But is It Really Art? The Guardian, London, 12 Oct. 2018. Available on: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/shortcuts/2018/oct/26/call-that-art-can-a-computer-be-a-painter. Access at: 15 June 2020.

JONES, Ruth; IRVINE, Ann. The (Un)Faithful Machine Translator. In: WORKSHOP ON LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE, SOCIAL SCIENCES, AND HUMANITIES, 7., Sofia, 8 Aug. 2013. Proceedings... Sofia: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2013. p. 96-101. Available on: https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-2713.pdf. Access on: 15 June 2020.

KARAMI, Omid. The Brief View on Google Translate Machine. In: Seminar in Artificial Intelligence on Natural Language, Jan. 2014, Germany. Germany, 2014. [Paper presented.]

KEEN, Suzanne. Empathy and the Novel. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175769.001.0001.

KRAUSE, James Remington. Translation and the Reception and Influence of Latin American Literature in the United States. 2010. Dissertation (Doctorate in Philosophy) – Vanderbilt University, Nashville, 2010.

LAMBERT, José. Literaturas, tradução e (de)colonização. Translated by Marcia A. P. Martins and Paulo Henriques Britto. In: GUERINI, Andréia et al (org.). Literatura e tradução – textos selecionados de José Lambert. Rio de Janeiro: 7Letras: PGET, 2011. p. 183-196.

LARANJEIRA, Mário. Poética da tradução: do sentido à significância. São Paulo: EdUSP, 1993.

MARTINS, Maria Silvia Cintra. Em torno de “Todesfuge”, de Paul Celan. Pandaemonium Germanicum, São Paulo, v. 22, n. 37, May-Aug. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/1982-88372237357. Available on: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1982-88372019000200357&script=sci_arttext. Access at: 15 June 2020.

MCUHAN, Marshall. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.

MESCHONNIC, Henri. Poética do traduzir. Translated by Jerusa Pire Ferreira and Suely Fenerich. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2010.

NÉMETH, Gergely D. Machine Translation: A Short Overview. Towards Data Science, [S.l.], 18 Oct. 2019. Available on: https://towardsdatascience.com/machine-translation-a-short-overview-91343ff39c9f. Access at: 15 June 2020.

PLITT, Mirko; MASSELOT, François. A Productivity Test of Statistical Machine Translation Post-Editing in a Typical Localization Context. The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics, Neuchâtel, n. 93,

p. 7-16, Jan. 2010. Available on: https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pbml/93/art-plitt-masselot.pdf. Access at: 15 June 2020.

POPE, Rob. Rewriting Creativity: The Case of “Lterature”. In: ______. Creativity: Theory, History, Practice. London: Routledge, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203695319.

RIBEIRO, Renato J. Ética, ação política e conflitos na modernidade. In: MIRANDA, Danilo Santos de (org.). Ética e cultura. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2004. p. 65-88.

SALIMI, Jonni. Machine Translation of Fictional and Non-Fictional Texts: An Examination of Google Translate’s Accuracy on Translation of Fictional Versus Non-Fictional Texts. 2014. 22f. Thesis (Bachelor’s Degree) – Department of English, Stockholms Universitet, Stockholm, 2014. Available on: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:737887/FULLTEXT01.pdf. Access at: 15 June 2020.

SCOTT, Cliven. Literary Translation and the Rediscovery of Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

SLOCUM, Jonathan. A Survey of Machine Translation: Its History, Current Status, and Future Prospects. Computational Linguistics Formerly the American Journal of Computational Linguistics, Austin,

v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-17, Jan-Mar. 1985. Available on: https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/J85-1001.pdf. Access at: 15 June 2020.

SOTO, Pablo Cardellino. A privatização da humanidade. De Scripta, 5 June 2020. Available on: http://descripta.com.br/2020/06/05/a-privatizacao-da-humanidade/. Access at: 15 June 2020.

STUPIELLO, Érika Nogueira de Andrade. Ética profissional na tradução assistida por sistemas de memórias. São Paulo: UNESP, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7476/9788568334461.

TOLSTOY, Leon N. What Is Art? Translated by Aylmer Maude. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1996.

TORAL, Antonio; WAY, Andy. Is Machine Translation Ready for Literature? Translating and the Computer, Lausanne, v. 36, p. 174-176, 2014.

TORAL, Antonio; WIELING, Martijn; WAY, Andy. Post-Editing Effort of a Novel with Statistical and Neural Machine Translation. Frontiers in Digital Humanities, Lausanne, v. 5, p. 1-9, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2018.00009. Available on: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdigh.2018.00009/full#B11. Access at: 15 June 2020.

TORRES, Marie-Hélène. Traduzir o Brasil literário: paratexto e discurso de acompanhamento. Tubarão: Copiart, 2011.

VALÉRY, Paul. The Art of Poetry. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989.

VENUTI, Lawrence. The Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference. London: Routledge, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203047873.

VENUTI, Lawrence. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London: Routledge, 1995.

VENUTI, Lawrence. Translation Changes Everything: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203074428.

VENUTI, Lawrence. Translation, Interpretation, Canon Formation. In: LIANERI, Alexander; ZAJKO, Vanda (ed.). Translation & the Classic: Identity as Change in the History of Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. p. 27-51.

VOIGT, Rob; JURAFSKY, Dan. Towards a Literary Machine Translation: the Role of Referential Cohesion. In: NAACL-HLT 2012 WORKSHOP ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS FOR LITERATURE, 2012, Montreal. Proceedings... Montreal: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2012. p. 18-25.

ZUNSHINE, Lisa. Why We Read Fiction: Theory of Mind and the Novel. Columbus: Ohio State University, 2006.

Downloads

Publicado

2020-12-22

Como Citar

Costa, C. B., & Silva, I. A. L. da. (2020). Sobre a tradução literária como atividade humana por excelência: implicações éticas para a tradução automática de literatura. Aletria: Revista De Estudos De Literatura, 30(4), 225–248. https://doi.org/10.35699/2317-2096.2020.22047

Edição

Seção

Dossiê – Ética na tradução literária