Effect of pomegranate extract (Punica granatum) on cariogenic bacteria
in vitro and in vivo study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7308/aodontol/2012.48.4.03Keywords:
Products with antimicrobial action, Punica granatum, Biofilms, Dentifrices, Streptococcus mutans, Dental cariesAbstract
Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate both the inhibitory effect of plant extracts on Streptococcus mutans in vitro as well as the inhibitory potential of toothpastes containing an extract with a high level impact on both mutans streptococci and biofilm indexes in vivo.
Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extracts from 32 plants were deposited in a culture medium inoculated with S. mutans (ATCC25175). After this process, the inhibition halos for all tested extracts were measured. The inhibition capacities were: Ocimum gratissimum (flower), 08 mm; Moringa oleífera (leaf), 10 mm; Copaífera langsdorffi (leaf), 16 mm; and Punica granatum (dehydrated pericarp), 18 mm. Since the Punica granatum extract presented the greatest inhibitory halo, it was used in the next stage. The pomegranate extract (Punica granatum) was added to toothpastes at 1% and 3% concentrations after having determined the minimum inhibitory concentration. These two concentrations were tested in vivo in 30 volunteers, divided into 3 groups (one for each extract and one control group). The volunteers used the toothpastes for eight days. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by determining the biofilm index and by quantifying the mutans streptococci colonies (UFC/ml).
Results: A reduction (p<0.05) in the biofilm index could be observed when the toothpaste containing the pomegranate extract at 3% was used. However, no difference in the microbiological count after the tested period could be identified.
Conclusions: It can therefore be concluded that the Punica granatum L. extract showed the highest in vitro inhibitory activity against S. mutans. The toothpaste formulation showed efficiency after eight days of use, significantly decreasing the biofilm rate, but with no reduction in the number of mutans streptococci.
Downloads
References
Mohire NC, Yadav AV. Chitosan-based polyherbal toothpaste: as novel oral hygiene product. Indian J Dent Res. 2010; 21:380-4.
Alves PM, Queiroz LM, Pereira JV, Pereira Mdo S. In vitro antimicrobial, antiadherent and antifungal activity of Brazilian medicinal plants on oral biofilm microorganisms and strains of the genus Candida. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2009; 42:222-4.
Ellepola AN, Khan ZU, Chandy R, Philip L. A comparison of the antifungal activity of herbal toothpastes against other brands of toothpastes on clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. Med Princ Pract. 2011; 20:112-7.
Taheri JB, Azimi S, Rafieian N, Zanjani HA. Herbs in dentistry. Int Dent J. 2011; 61:287-96.
Sofrata A, Brito F, Al-Otaibi M, Gustafsson A. Short term clinical effect of active and inactive Salvadora persica miswak on dental plaque and gingivitis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 137:1130-4.
Abebe W, Herman W, Konzelman J. Herbal supplement use among adult dental patients in a USA dental school clinic: prevalence, patient demographics, and clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011; 111:320-5.
Pereira EM, Gomes RT, Freire NR, Aguiar EG, Brandão MG, Santos VR. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Brazilian medicinal plant extracts against pathogenic microorganisms of interest to dentistry. Planta Med. 2011; 77:401-4.
Casaroto AR, Lara VS. Phytomedicines for Candida associated denture stomatitis. Fitoterapia. 2010; 81:323-8.
Seneviratne CJ, Zhang CF, Samaranayake LP. Dental plaque biofilm in oral health and disease. Chin J Dent Res. 2011; 14:87-94.
Marsh PD. Microbiology of dental plaque biofilms and their role in oral health and caries. Dent Clin North Am. 2010; 54:441-54.
Alves AC, Nogueira RD, Stipp RN, Pampolini F, Moraes AB, Gonçalves RB, et al. Prospective study of potential sources of Streptococcus mutans transmission in nursery school children. J Med Microbiol. 2009; 58:476-81.
Lee JG, Messer LB. Intake of sweet drinks and sweet treats versus reported and observed caries experience. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2010; 11:5- 17.
Simões M. Antimicrobial strategies effective against infectious bacterial biofilms. Curr Med Chem. 2011; 18:2129-45.
Autio-Gold J. The role of chlorhexidine in caries prevention. Oper Dent. 2008; 33:710-6.
Erciyas AF, Erciyas K, Sarıkaya R. Genotoxicity of two mouthwash products in the drosophila wing-spot test. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010; 48:2577-80.
Guggenheim B, Meier A. In vitro effect of chlorhexidine mouth rinses on polyspecies biofilms. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2011; 121:432-41.
Chaudhari LK, Jawale BA, Sharma S, Sharma H, Kumar CD, Kulkarni PA. Antimicrobial activity of commercially available essential oils against Streptococcus mutans. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2012; 13:71-4.
Hofer D, Meier A, Sener B, Guggenheim B, Attin T, Schmidlin PR. Biofilm reduction and staining potential of a 0.05% chlorhexidine rinse containing essential oils. Int J Dent Hyg. 2011; 9:60-7.
Palombo EA. Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. doi:10.1093/ecam/ nep067.
Cunha e Silva SL, Borba HR, Bonfim TCB, Carvalho MG, Cavalcanti HL, Barbosa CG. Ação anti-helmíntica de extratos brutos de Andira anthelmia (Vell.) Macbr. e Andira fraxinifolia Benth., em camundongos naturalmente infectados por Vampirolepis nana e Aspiculuris tetráptera. Rev Latinoam Microbiol Parasitol. 2003; 58:23- 29.
Godard A, Dufour T, Jeanne S. Application of self- regulation theory and motivational interview for improving oral hygiene: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2011; 38:1099-105.
Alviano WS, Alviano DS, Diniz CG, Antoniolli AR, Alviano CS, Farias LM, et al. In vitro antioxidant potential of medicinal plant extracts and their activities against oral bacteria based on Brazilian folk medicine. Arch Oral Biol. 2008; 53:545-52.
Pereira JV, Pereira MSV, Sampaio FC, Sampaio MCC, Alves PM, Araújo CRF, et al. Efeito antibacteriano e antiaderente in vitro do extrato da Punica granatum Linn. sobre microrganismos do biofilme dental. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2006; 16:88-93.
Sharma S, Khan IA, Ali I, Ali F, Kumar M, Kumar A, et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroxychavicol for its potential use as an oral care agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009; 53:216-22.
Samarão SS, Corrêa LAS, Moreira, ASN, Freire MGM, Macedo MLR. Estudo in vitro da atividade do extrato etanólico de sementes de bacupari (Rheedia gardneriana Planch. & Triana) e das frações no crescimento de Streptococcus mutans. Rev Bras Plantas Med. 2010; 12:234-8.
Silva KL, Cechinel Filho V. Plantas do gênero Bauhinia: composição química e potencial farmacológico. Quím Nova. 2002; 25:449-54.
Jurenka JS. Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review. Altern Med Rev. 2008; 13:128-44.
Pereira JV, Silva SC, Filho LS, Higino JS.Atividade antimicrobiana do extrato hidroalcoólico da Punica granatum Linn sobre microorganismos formadores de placa bacteriana. Rev Periodontia. 2001; 12:57-64.
Pai MB, Prashant GM, Murlikrishna KS, Shivakumar KM, Chandu GN. Antifungal efficacy of Punica granatum, Acacia nilotica, Cuminum cyminum and Foeniculum vulgare on Candida albicans: an in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2010; 21:334-6.
Faria A, Calhau C. The bioactivity of pomegranate: impact on health and disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2011; 51:626-34.
Bachoual R, Talmoudi W, Boussetta T, Braut F, El-Benna J. An aqueous pomegranate peel extract inhibits neutrophil myeloperoxidase in vitro and attenuates lung inflammation in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011; 49:1224-8.
Machado TB, Leal ICR, Amaral ACF, Santos KRN, Silva MG, Kuster RM. Antimicrobial ellagitannin of Punica granatum fruits. J Braz Chem Soc. 2002; 13:606-10.
Rosas-Piñón Y, Mejía A, Díaz-Ruiz G, Aguilar MI, Sánchez-Nieto S, Rivero-Cruz JF. Ethnobotanical survey and antibacterial activity of plants used in the Altiplane region of Mexico for the treatment of oral cavity infections. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 141:860-5.
Abdollahzadeh SH, Mashouf R, Mortazavi H, Moghaddam M, Roozbahani N, Vahedi M. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of punica granatum peel extracts against oral pathogens. J Dent (Tehran). 2011; 8:1-6.
Vasconcelos LC, Sampaio FC, Sampaio MC, Pereira Mdo S, Higino JS, Peixoto MH. Minimum inhibitory concentration of adherence of Punica granatum Linn (pomegranate) gel against S. mutans, S. mitis and C. albicans. Braz Dent J. 2006; 17:223-7.
Barkvoll GR, Rölla G, Bellagamba S. Interaction between chlorhexidine digluconate and sodium monofluorophosphate in vitro. Scand J Dent Res. 1988; 96:30-3.
Arantes AB, Luz MMS, Santos CAM, Sato MEO. Desenvolvimento de dentifrícios com extratos fluidos de Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) e Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Flacourtiaceae) destinado ao combate à placa bacteriana. Rev Bras Farm. 2005; 86,61-4.
