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Morphoagronomic characterization of common bean genotypes

Marcos Roberto de Lima Filho1, Francisco Linco de Souza Tomaz2, Linda Brenna Ribeiro Araújo3, Johny de

Souza Silva4*, Cândida Hermínia Campos de Magalhães Bertini5, Marcelo de Almeida Guimarães6, Angela

Maria dos Santos Pessoa7

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2024.46069

Abstract:

The aim of this work was to carry out morphoagronomic characterization of bean genotypes with aptitude for pod

production. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Ceará, evaluating five bean genotypes in

a randomized block design with five replications. Each experimental unit consisted of a bed with 9.6 m in length,

with a spacing of 0.1 x 0.3 m. The morphoagronomic characterization of the genotypes was performed based on 15

characters. The quantitative descriptors were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were grouped using

the Scott-Knott test. The dissimilarity between the genotypes was estimated based on the average Euclidean distance

and the clustering performed by the UPGMA method. There were significant differences between the genotypes for

all characters evaluated, except for the number of pods per plant. The Pronto Alívio genotype was the latest, however,

it presented the highest yield of pods. The Pronto Alívio, Habichuela, Feijão Vagem do Panamá and Feijão-de-Metro

genotypes stood out in terms of pod length and weight, in addition to presenting above-average productivity, which

could be incorporated into crop improvement programs. Crossing between the varieties Feijão Vagem do Panamá and

Pronto Alívio is recommended in order to obtain superior cultivars.

Keywords: vigna unguiculata. phaseolus vulgaris. multivariate analysis.

Caracterização morfoagronômica de genótipos de feijão-vagem

Resumo:

Objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar caracterização morfoagronômica de genótipos de feijão com aptidão para

produção de vagens. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal do Ceará, avaliando-se cinco genótipos

de feijão no delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. Cada unidade experimental foi constituída

por um canteiro com 9,6 m de comprimento, com espaçamento de 0,1 x 0,3 m. A caracterização morfoagronômica

1Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC. Fortaleza, Ceará. Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3504-4538

2Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA. Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-8914

3Instituto Centro de Ensino Tecnológico - CENTEC. Fortaleza, Ceará. Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3554-3908

4Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC. Fortaleza, Ceará. Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5673-7114

5Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC. Fortaleza, Ceará. Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2949-5660

6Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC. Fortaleza, Ceará. Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5329-022X

7Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA. Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7393-984X

*Autor para correspondência: johny.ufca@gmail.com

Recebido para publicação em 09 de março de 2023. Aceito para publicação 19 de setembro de 2023.

e-ISSN: 2447-6218

de Lima Filho, R. R. et al.

Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 15, p. 01–08, DOI: https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2024.46069

dos genótipos foi realizada com base em 15 caracteres. Os descritores quantitativos foram submetidos a análise de

variância e as médias foram agrupadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott. A dissimilaridade entre os genótipos foi estimada

com base na distância Euclidiana média e o agrupamento realizado pelo método UPGMA. Verificou-se diferenças

significativas entre os genótipos para todos os caracteres avaliados, exceto para o número de vagens por planta. O

genótipo Pronto Alívio foi o mais tardio, porém, apresentou a maior produtividade de vagens. Os genótipos Pronto

Alívio, Habichuela, Feijão Vagem do Panamá e Feijão-de-Metro destacaram-se quanto ao comprimento e peso das

vagens, além de apresentarem produtividade acima da média, podendo ser incorporados aos programas de melhora-

mento da cultura. Recomenda-se o cruzamento entre as variedades Feijão Vagem do Panamá e Pronto Alívio visando

a obtenção de cultivares superiores.

Palavras-chave: Vigna unguiculata, Phaseolus vulgaris, análise multivariada.

Introduction

The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) and

common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are leguminous

species of great social and economic importance in dif-

ferent parts of the world, being consumed in several

countries in Asia, Africa and the Americas (Silva et al.,

2018). In Brazil, the cultivation of cowpea predominates

in the North and Northeast regions, currently expanding

in the Center-West region. Common bean production

is concentrated in the Midwest, South and Southeast

regions (Vale et al., 2017). Both species have important

nutritional properties, representing excellent sources of

iron, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals,

being considered essential foods for the diet of the Bra-

zilian population. (Mullins e Arjmandi, 2021; Kotue et

al., 2018).

Both cowpea and common bean are cultivated

mainly for the sale of grains, however, the demand for

green pods has increased in recent years (Gomes et al.,

2016). The immature bean pod is a food rich in vitamins

and carbohydrates, it also has mineral salts such as cal-

cium, phosphorus, potassium and iron, in addition to a

high fiber content (Silva et al., 2019). In order to sell the

pods, they must be harvested at their maximum point

of development, before they become fibrous and with

protruding seeds, favoring cooking and consumption

(Vale et al., 2017).

The market for immature bean pods has poten-

tial for expansion, however, the scarcity of information

regarding the morphological and agronomic aspects of

cultivars suitable for pods makes it difficult to exploit

the species (Lazaridi et al., 2017). The morphoagrono-

mic characterization of genotypes consists of identifying

and describing the possible differences between them.

Thus, carrying out morphoagronomic characterization

helps in the identification and selection of characters

and genotypes of interest that meet the requirements of

producers and consumers of this legume (Santana et al.,

2019).

Given the above, the objective of this work was

to carry out the morphoagronomic characterization of

bean genotypes with attention to the production of pods.

Material and methods

Location and conduct of experiments

Five bean genotypes with potential for pod pro-

duction were evaluated, one belonging to the Phaseolus

vulgaris species and four to Vigna unguiculata (Table 1).

Table 1 – Evaluated genotypes and their respective origins.

Genotypes Scientific name Origin

Habichuela Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis Panama

Feijão Vagem do Panamá Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis Panama

Pronto Alívio Vigna unguiculata L. Panama

Quiura Bejuco Phaseolus vulgaris L. Panama

Feijão-de-Metro Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis Brazil

The experiment was carried out in the Didactic

Garden of the Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), in

Fortaleza - CE (3°44’25’’S, 38°34’35’’O and altitude of

19.5 meters), from August to November 2019. According

to the Köppen classification, the climate of the region is

Aw, rainy tropical. During the conduction of the test, the

average temperature and accumulated precipitation were

28.4°C and 20.8 mm, respectively.

Morphoagronomic characterization of common bean genotypes

Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 15, p. 01–08, DOI: https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2024.46069

The experimental design was in randomized

blocks with five genotypes and five replications. Sowing

was carried out using three seeds per hole, with thinning

carried out seven days after sowing (DAS), leaving a plant

in each hole. Each experimental unit consisted of a bed

9.6 m long, spaced 0.1 x 0.3 m, totaling 32 plants plot-1.

The localized irrigation system by microsprinkler

was used, being performed twice a day, early in the mor-

ning and late in the afternoon. To carry out the staking,

bamboo stakes planted in the ground were used, which

were arranged every three meters within the rows of cul-

tivation. The stakes had their apexes joined by a number

20 galvanized wire at a height of 2.20 m.

For foundation fertilization, 1.2 kg of nitrogen

fertilizer (urea with 45% N) were applied per bed, dis-

tributed manually along the planting line. At 20 and 40

DAS, topdressing fertilizations were carried out. Pest

and weed control was carried out according to the need

observed in the field.

Morphoagronomic characterization

The characterization of the genotypes was based

on 15 morphoagronomic characters, six quantitative and

nine qualitative. The quantitative characters evaluated

were: number of days from sowing to anthesis (NDSA),

plant height (PH), average length of five pods (A5P),

average weight of five pods (W5P), average number of

pods per plant (NPP) and yield of mature pods (YIELD.

While the qualitative traits were: growth habit (GH),

flower color (FC), pod position (PP), pod shape (PS), pod

profile (PDF), pod color (PC), pod shape grain (PSG),

grain color (GC) and leaf hairiness (LH).

The identification of the growth habit of the

genotypes was based on the classification by Vilhordo

et al. (1980): Type I - determinate, bushy growth habit

and erect plant size; Type II - indeterminate growth ha-

bit, bushy, erect plant and sparsely branched stem; Type

III - indeterminate, prostrate or semi-prostrate growth

habit, with well-developed and open branching; Type

IV - indeterminate growth habit, climbing; stem with

strong apical dominance and reduced number of lateral

branches, poorly developed.

Analyzes of fresh mass, dry mass and moisture

percentage of the pods were carried out, using 50 pods

of each genotype. The pods were collected manually at

the ideal harvest period, being immediately weighed

using a precision digital scale to measure their fresh

mass. After weighing, the pods were placed in paper bags

and transferred to an oven with forced air circulation at

a constant temperature of 60°C for 24 hours, obtaining

the dry mass of the samples. The moisture content of the

pods was calculated using the following equation:

H = (100 x W) / Wi

where: H: pod moisture percentage (%); W: weight of the initial sample -

weight of the sample after oven drying (g); Wi: initial sample weight (g).

Statistical analyzes

Analyzes of variance were performed for all quan-

titative characters according to the following statistical

model:

Yij = m + gi + bj + eij

where: m: overall mean; gi: effect of the i-th variety; bj: effect of the

j-th block; eij: experimental error.

The means of the different treatments were

grouped by the Scott-Knott test (p<0.05). With regard

to qualitative traits, the data obtained were divided into

classes and the genetic distances between pairs of indi-

viduals were estimated based on the average Euclidean

distance. From the dissimilarity matrix, a dendrogram

was constructed using the mean link between groups

method (UPGMA – Unweighted Pair-Group Method using

Arithmetic Avarages). To verify the fit between the dis-

similarity matrix and the dendrogram, the cophenetic

correlation coefficient (r) was estimated.

The statistical analyzes described were performed

using the GENES program (Cruz, 2013). The dendrogram

was generated using the R program (R Core Team, 2022).

Result and discussion

There was a significant difference between the

genotypes, at the 1% probability level, for all quantitative

traits evaluated, with the exception of the number of pods

per plant (Table 2).

The coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from

1.92 to 29.83 for W5P and PROD, respectively (Table 2).

The CV values found in the present research were low,

indicating good experimental precision and reliability of

the results. The highest values were recorded for PROD,

which is considered normal because it is a variable stron-

gly influenced by the environment.

The ratio between the genetic (CVg) and en-

vironmental (CV) coefficients of variation reflects the

predominance of genetic over environmental effects for

the evaluated traits. CVg/CV values above unity mean

characters less influenced by the environment, which

have greater potential for selection (Panchta et al., 2021;

Aramendiz-Tatis et al., 2018). According to Table 2, all

characters had CVg/CV ratios above 1, with the excep-

tion of the NPP variable. Such results demonstrate the

possibility of obtaining genetic gains through selection

for most of the characters studied.

de Lima Filho, R. R. et al.

Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 15, p. 01–08, DOI: https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2024.46069

Table 2 – Summary of analysis of variance of quantitative traits evaluated in five bean genotypes for pods.

SV DF NDFS PH L5P W5P NPP PROD

Blocks 4 0.76 7.47 1.44 0.38 4.23 1.36

Genotype 4 158.66** 5188.53** 914.22** 163.26** 38.71ns 34.98**

Residual 16 1.49 5.65 0.71 0.07 13.24 3.28

CV (%) 2.81 4.40 2.97 1.92 28.11 29.83

CVg(1) 12.94 59.63 47.61 40.16 17.44 41.48

CVg/CV(2) 4.60 13.54 16.02 20.91 0.62 1.39

**Significant at the 1% probability level by the F test; (1)Coefficient of genetic variation; (2)Ratio between genetic and environmental variation

coefficients; NDSA: number of days from sowing to anthesis; PH: plant height; L5P: length of 5 pods; W5P: weight of 5 pods; NPP: number of pods

per plant; PROD: pod productivity.

To assess precocity, one of the main descriptors

used is the time elapsed between planting and the appea-

rance of the first flowers (anthesis). The character number

of days from sowing to anthesis (NDSA) had a general

average of 44 days, ranging from 42 to 52 days for the

FVP and Pronto Alívio genotypes, respectively (Table 3).

With regard to this character, the variety Pronto Alívio

stood out negatively, since it had a later onset of flowe-

ring. Based on the classification by Paiva et al. (2014)

and in the grouping of means, all other genotypes were

considered precocious.

Table 3 – Means of the quantitative traits evaluated in five bean genotypes for pods.

Genotypes NDSA

(days) PH (cm) L5P (cm) W5P (g) NPP (unt) PROD (t

ha-1)

Habichuela 43 a 25.7 d 38.5 a 18.2 a 11 6.5 b

FVP 42 a 25.9 d 37.5 a 17.9 a 11 6.5 b

Pronto Alívio 52 b 67.4 b 19.6 b 15.6 b 18 9.2 a

Quiura Bejuco 43 a 48.5 c 8.8 c 4.3 c 13 1.8 c

Feijão-de-Metro 43 a 102.5 a 37.6 a 15.0 b 12 6.1 b

Overall average 44 54 28.4 14.2 13 6.2

Means followed by the same letter belong to the same group, according to the Scott-Knott test (p<0.05); NDSA: number of days from sowing to

anthesis; PH: plant height; C5V: length of 5 pods; P5V: weight of 5 pods; NPP: number of pods per plant; PROD: pod productivity.

Regarding plant height (PH), the genotype that

stood out the most was Feijão-de-Metro, with an average

of 102.5 cm (Table 3). Next came the Pronto Alívio and

Quiura Bejuco varieties. The prominence of these ge-

notypes was already expected due to their indeterminate

growth habit, with apical dominance and continuous

growth (Vilhordo et al., 1980).

One of the most relevant characters in works of

this nature is the length of the pods (L5P), since the size

of the product is a strong attraction for the consumer.

Regarding this factor, the best results were recorded for

the Habichuela, FVP and Feijão-de-Metro genotypes,

with values above the general average (28.4 cm) (Table

3). The Quiura Bejuco variety showed low performance

regarding the length of its pods, with an average of only

8.8 cm. Demonstrating a direct relationship with pod

length, the Habichuela and FVP genotypes also stood

out in terms of pod weight (P5V), with averages above

17 g. Superior results were obtained by Savithiri et al.

(2018) who, evaluating 62 snap bean genotypes in the

conditions of Tamil Nadu, India, found an overall average

of 22.6 g.

With regard to pod productivity (PROD), there

was a range of 1.8 to 9.2 t ha-1 for Quiura Bejuco and

Pronto Alívio genotypes, respectively. The overall average

for this character was 6.2 t ha-1, similar to the result found

by Gomes et al. (2016), who evaluated the agronomic

performance of three bush snap bean genotypes in two

environments in the state of Parana (Tamarana and Lon

drina), and found an average productivity of 6.82 t ha-1.

Table 4 presents the estimated qualitative charac-

teristics for the five bean genotypes. As for growth habit

(GH), the genotypes were classified into three types:

Habichuela (Type I); FVP and Instant Relief (Type III);

Quiura Bejuco and Subway (Type IV).

Morphoagronomic characterization of common bean genotypes

Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 15, p. 01–08, DOI: https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2024.46069

Table 4 – Characters in five bean genotypes for pods.

Qualitative Characters

Genotypes

Habichuela Feijão Vagem do

Panamá Pronto Alívio Quiura

Bejuco

Feijão-de-

-Metro

Growth Habit (GH)

III III IV IV

Flower color ViBr ViBr Vi Br Vi

Pod position Af Af Df Df Df

Pod shape Actd Actd Arrd Actd Actd

Pod profile Rc Rc Ar Sar Re

Pod color VrdC VrdC VrdE VrdC VrdE

Grain shape El Rm Rm Rl El

Grain color Brown Vinegar Vinegar Vinegar Brown

Leaf hairiness Absent Absent Absent Present Absent

Flower color: Br - white, Vi - violet and ViBr - violet with white; Pod position: Af - above the foliage and Df - inside the foliage; Pod shape: Actd -

flattened and Arrd - rounded; Pod profile: Re - straight, Ar - arched, Sar - semi-arched and Rc - curved; Pod color: VrdC - light green and VrdR - dark

green; Grain shape: El - elliptical, Rm - medium kidney-shaped and Rl - long kidney-shaped.

According to Almeida et al. (2014), genotypes

with type III and IV GH have continuous vegetative de-

velopment, with a long period of flowering and fruiting,

allowing for multiple harvests throughout the year. It is

precisely for this aspect that a large part of small produ-

cers in northeastern Brazil adopt indeterminate growth

cultivars. On the other hand, medium and large producers

whose crops are mechanically harvested prefer cultivars

with type I and II GH.

Regarding flower color, two genotypes showed

a violet color (Pronto Alívio and Feijão-de-Metro), while

two others presented a white color with violet (Habi-

chuela and FVP), and only the Quiura Bejuco genotype

showed completely white flowers (Table 4). Regarding

the position of the pods on the plant, the Pronto Alívio,

Quiura Bejuco, and Feijão-de-Metro varieties had pods

positioned within the foliage, while the Habichuela and

FVP genotypes had pods above the leaves. Genotypes with

pods positioned above the foliage facilitate harvesting,

whether manual or mechanical, but their pods are more

exposed to biotic and abiotic external agents.

In terms of pod shape, only the Pronto Alívio va-

riety had rounded pods, while the others had a flattened

shape (Table 4). Regarding pod curvature, four different

types were found: recurved (Habichuela and FVP), arched

(Pronto Alívio), semi-arched (Quiura Bejuco), and straight

(Feijão-de-Metro). Almeida et al. (2014), characterizing

bean pods according to this descriptor, found a predomi-

nance of semi-arched (50%) and straight (46%) profiles.

The same authors stated that pod curvature is not a stable

trait since a plant can have pods with different profiles,

although one type predominates.

Regarding pod color, all varieties had primary

green coloration, with variations in shade (Table 4).

In general, consumers prefer pods with a green color

throughout their profile, mainly because the green color

is associated with the freshness and quality of vegetables

and similar products, although some markets may prefer

cultivars that produce a reddish-colored pod (Ha et al.,

2010).

Two descriptors were used for grain charac-

terization: color and shape. Genotypes were classified

into three groups according to grain shape: elliptical,

medium kidney-shaped, and long kidney-shaped. Habi-

chuela and Feijão-de-Metro varieties had grains with an

elliptical shape, FVP and Pronto Alívio had grains with a

medium kidney shape, and only Quiura Bejuco had long

kidney-shaped grains (Table 4). The vinegar grain color

was the most common among the evaluated genotypes,

being found in the grains of FVP, Pronto Alívio, and Quiura

Bejuco. The Habichuela and Feijão-de-Metro varieties

had brown-colored grains.

Regarding leaf hairiness, only the Quiura Bejuco

variety presented leaves with trichomes, contributing

significantly to differentiate it from the other varieties

(Table 4). Trichomes are uni- or multicellular extensions

of the epidermis of the above-ground plant part that

can assume different shapes, structures, and functions,

including protection against insect and pathogen attacks,

reduction of water loss, and increased tolerance to abiotic

stress conditions (Taiz et al., 2017). However, to claim

that the leaf hairiness of a particular cultivar constitutes

a commercial advantage over another, more in-depth

studies on their trichomes and functions in the variety

in question are needed.

de Lima Filho, R. R. et al.

Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 15, p. 01–08, DOI: https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2024.46069

The determination of humidity is one of the

most important measures used in food analysis and is

related to the stability, quality, and composition of these

products, directly affecting storage time, packaging, and

subsequent processing (Zambrano et al., 2019). According

to Table 5, the estimated moisture content ranged from

88.54 to 90.65% for the Quiura Bejuco and FVP varieties,

respectively. Similar results were found by Carnib (2017)

who evaluated the proximate composition, minerals, and

sensory acceptance of 10 cowpea genotypes for consump-

tion in the form of salad and obtained moisture content

of pods ranging from 86.1 to 90.8% for the 3950 and

Feijão-de-Metro varieties, respectively.

For the commercialization of cowpea pods, they

should be harvested before physiological maturity, at a

stage when the seeds are still poorly developed (beginning

of grain filling) (Peixoto and Cardoso, 2016), therefore it

is normal and desirable for the pods to have high moisture

content at the time of harvest.

Table 5 – Fresh mass, dry mass and humidity of pods estimated in five bean genotypes for pods.

Genotypes Fresh mass (g) Dry mass (g) Humidity (%)

Habichuela 7.97 0.74 90.64

Feijão Vagem do Panamá 7.23 0.67 90.65

Pronto Alívio 5.80 0.67 88.46

Quiura Bejuco 2.49 0.28 88.54

Feijão-de-Metro 7.57 0.76 89.91

Overall average 6.21 0.62 89.64

Although there was a slight variation in pod mois-

ture among the genotypes, they may differ in perishability.

El-Mogy and Kitinoja (2019) argue that the difference

in perishability in foods with similar moisture content is

due to the unavailability of water for microbial growth

and reactions, and is related to the solid constituents of

the food.

Genetic divergence among the varieties was

obtained through the average Euclidean distance, stan-

dardized due to different measurement scales. The maxi-

mum distance was obtained between the FVP and Quiura

Bejuco genotypes (dii’ = 4.28), while the minimum was

estimated between the Habichuela and Feijão-de-Metro

pair (dii’ = 2.24) (Figure 1). The five genotypes studied

were separated into three groups. Group I consisted of the

Habichuela, FVP, and Feijão-de-Metro varieties, belonging

to the sesquipedalis cultigroup; Group II was comprised

of the Pronto Alívio genotype (Vigna unguiculata L.); and

Group III was integrated by the Quiura Bejuco variety

(Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Figure 1 – Dendrogram obtained by the UPGMA method, from dissimilarity measurements between five bean-to-pod

genotypes, based on the mean Euclidean distance.

Dissimilarity studies serve specific purposes for

breeders by providing information about the degree of

similarity or difference between two or more genotypes,

helping to identify parents that can produce progenies

with higher heterotic effect (Al-Ashkar et al., 2020; Ashi-

nie et al., 2020). In the present work, the highest genetic

dissimilarity, as mentioned, was found between the FVP

and Quiura Bejuco varieties (Figure 1). However, although

Morphoagronomic characterization of common bean genotypes

Cad. Ciênc. Agrá., v. 15, p. 01–08, DOI: https://doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2024.46069

it exhibited early maturity, the latter genotype showed

low performance in the other evaluated traits, such as

L5P, W5P, and PROD (Table 3). In this case, the genetic

divergence found cannot be considered the main factor for

the indication of the parent for future crosses. Therefore,

it is recommended that the breeder selects parents that

already have desirable traits and possess the greatest

dissimilarity possible. Thus, it is recommended to cross

the FVP and Pronto Alívio varieties. The former stood out

in terms of early maturity, pod length and weight, while

Pronto Alívio showed the highest productivity.

To verify the ability of the dendrogram to repro-

duce the dissimilarity matrices, the cophenetic correlation

coefficient (CCC = 0.73) was estimated. According to

Carvalho et al. (2019), CCC values closer to unity indicate

better representation of the data set. Based on this, it was

observed that there was adequacy between the original

matrix and the resulting matrix from the clustering pro-

cess, proving the reliability of the dendrogram.

Conclusions

There was sufficient variability for the selection

of superior genotypes for all evaluated traits, except for

the number of pods per plant.

The genotype Pronto Alívio was the latest to

mature, but had the highest average pod yield.

The genotypes Pronto Alívio, Habichuela, Feijão

Vagem do Panamá, and Feijão-de-Metro out for their pod

length and weight, as well as for their above-average pro-

ductivity compared to the general mean of the evaluated

genotypes.

It is recommended to cross the varieties Feijão

Vagem do Panamá and Pronto Alívio in order to obtain

superior cultivars.

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