Unconventional sound production on the xylophone

outcomes of an artistic research collaboration

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35699/a8q81s80

Keywords:

Practice-based research, Creative process, Composer–performer working relationship, Musical gestures, Performative gestures

Abstract

The xylophone’s timbral resources have been little explored. Despite recent efforts to promote the solo xylophone, conventional sound production prevails in most of the compositions reviewed by the authors. The first author contributed to an investigation of the second author, exploring with him sound production on the xylophone through practice-based research oriented to art music creation. Entering each other's domains, the authors ended up arriving at instrumental and compositional gestures almost certainly unheard of in the instrument until then. In the musical work, these are juxtaposed with conventional gestures in a varied and predominantly discontinuous compositional flow, counteracting the tendency in many of the compositions reviewed by the authors.

Author Biographies

  • Rita Torres, INET-md – Institute of Ethnomusicology: Center for Studies in Music and Dance, Department of Communication and Art, University of Aveiro

    Rita Torres is an Assistant Researcher of the Institute of Ethnomusicology: Center for Studies in Music and Dance (INET-md) at the University of Aveiro. She holds a PhD in Science and Technology of the Arts from the
    Portuguese Catholic University, as well as degrees in Chemical Engineering, Guitar, Musicology/Music Informatics and Composition. Torres was a Research Fellow at CESEM (NOVA University Lisbon and University of Évora) and a PhD researcher at CITAR (Portuguese Catholic University) and, as guest, at IMWI (Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe) and IMA (now Hertzlab, ZKM | Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe). She is particularly interested in exploring unconventional sound production on resonant instruments.

  • Helvio Mendes, INET-md – Institute of Ethnomusicology: Center for Studies in Music and Dance, Department of Communication and Art, University of Aveiro

    Helvio Mendes is a percussionist and researcher at the Institute of Ethnomusicology – Center for Studies in Music and Dance (INET-md) of the University of Aveiro, where he is doing a PhD focused on pioneering research on the xylophone. His research proposes to expand the artistic
    and expressive potentialities of the instrument, privileging sensory experiences that emerge from sound experimentation, in dialogue with contemporary technologies and in close collaboration with composers. He holds a master's degree in Music from the State University of Campinas/UNICAMP and a bachelor degree in percussion from the São Paulo State University/UNESP, both in Brazil. Working at the confluence between performance,creation, research and pedagogy, he develops authorial projects for solo xylophone, is a founding member of the Clube do Choro de Aveiro and the Strings+Bars Duo and teaches at the Academia de Música de Cantanhede. He has performed as a soloist and collaborated with orchestras and ensembles in the USA, Brazil, Canada, Portugal, Morocco, Holland, Spain and Slovenia.

References

Adam Lenhart Music. “A Playful Scheme ~ Solo for Unacompnied Xylophone [Score Follower].” YouTube video, 2:37, February 21, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AlP72WPNs0

Aroso, Nuno. 2020. “The Role of Movement and Gesture in Communicating Music Expressiveness to an Audience: An Experiment on Dynamics Perception after a Contemporary Percussion Performance.” Convergências, 13 (25): 83–94. doi: 10.53681/c1514225187514391s.25.5.

Barudin, Jeff. “The Recital Piece (Bill Cahn).” Youtube video, 13:55, October 9, 2013. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZB04lDapnUw

Baschet, Florence. 2013. Instrumental Gesture in StreicherKreis. Contemporary Music Review, 32 (1): 17–28. doi: 10.1080/07494467.2013.774222.

Bertinetto, Alessandro. 2025. “Aesthetic Habits in Performing Arts.” Philosophies,10 (1): 11. doi: 10.3390/philosophies10010011.

Brindle, Reginald S. 1970. Contemporary Percussion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cadoz, Claude and Marcelo M. Wanderley. 2000. “Gesture – Music.” In Trends in Gestural Control of Music, edited by Marcelo M. Wanderley and Marc Battier, 71–94. Paris: Ircam – Centtre Pompidou. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281419029_Gesture-Music

calan video. “Musings for Xylophone -Keith Larson.” YouTube video, 4:57, October 27, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpaXLrHqCNk

Cesar Traldi. “Rastros #2 (2018) – Daniel Barreiro e Cesar Trald.” YouTube vídeo, 9:48, April 16, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zejSdZQVmv4

Chaib, Fernando. 2008. “Let Vibrate: Um Breve Panorama sobre o Vibrafone na Música do Século XX.” Opus 14 (1): 50-64. http://www.anppom.com.br/revista/index.php/opus/article/view/235

Curley, Matthew. s.d. Catapult [Score for xylophone]. The composer. http://www.mattcurley.com/uploads/1/1/2/6/112627219/catapultxylophone.pdf

Dennis Bathory-Kitsz, “Brian Johnson plays Eight Mallets for Brian by Joseph Celli.” YouTube video, 13:07, May 22, 2011.

Dierstein, Christian, Michel Roth, and Jens Ruland. 2018. The Techniques of Percussion Playing: Mallets, Implements and Applications. Kassel: Bärenreiter.

Dos Santos, Carlos n.d. Mais um caso de Xilofonista bêbado na Periferia de SP [Score for xylophone and electronics, composed 2020]. The composer.

DrFaustusMusic. “Red Wierenga - Xylocybin (2015).” YouTube video, 9:31, August 12, 2015. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ETp25wSQQ0

Goto, Akiko. 2013. “Yoichi Hiraoka: His Artistic Life and his Influence on the Art of Xylophone Performance.” Doctoral thesis, University of North Texas. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500161

Hayden, Sam, and Luke Windsor. 2007. “Collaboration and the Composer: Case Studies from the End of the 20th Century.” Tempo 61 (240): 28–39. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4500495

Hasper, Joseph. n.d. Exile [Score for xylophone and live electronics, composed 2011]. The composer.

Hovhaness, Alan. 1965. Fantasy on Japanese Wood Prints [Score for xylophone and orchestra]. New York, NY: Peters.

Jensenius, Alexander R., Marcelo M. Wanderley, Rolf I. Godøy and Marc Leman. 2010. In Musical Gestures: Sound, Movement, and Meaning, edited by Rolf. I. Godøy, and Marc Leman, 3–11. New York, NY: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203863411.

Koors, Zach. 2021 [Score for xylophone or marimba, composed 2015]. Portland, OR: tapspace.

Láng, István. 1969. Concertino [Score for xylophone and orchestra]. Editio Musica Budapest.

Leman, Marc, and Rolf I. Godøy. 2010. “Why Study Musical Gestures?” In Musical Gestures: Sound, Movement, and Meaning. Routledge, edited by Rolf. I. Godøy, and Marc Leman, 3–11. New York, NY: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203863411.

Marimba Duo. “古典風シロフォン小協奏曲 / L.Russotto / Concertino Classico for Xylophone / 平岡養一委嘱作品 (Free Sheet Music)” [Composed 1964]. Youtube vídeo, 11:37, May 4, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oX66mruMxFk

Matamoros, Gustavo. 1991. Truly yours [Score for xylophone and tape]. Lancaster, NY: Percussion publications.

Mayuzumi, Toshiro. 1965. Concertino [Piano reduction of score for xylophone and orchestra]. New York, NY: Peters.

Mendes, Helvio. 2019 “Kunai e Xyloops: novas perspectivas de abordagens performativas para xilofone solo.” In Anais do Segundo Congresso Brasileiro de Percussão. Escola de Música da UFMG. http://scribd.com/document/414360256/Caderno-do-2o-encontro-de-Percussao-Brasil

Mendes, Helvio, Alexander Duarte, and Cesar Traldi. 2018a. “XyLoops: Composição de uma Obra para Xilofone e Eletrônica em Tempo Real (Live Looping).” Revista Vórtex 6 (2): 1–20. doi: 10.33871/23179937.2018.6.2.2609.

Mendes, Helvio, Alexander Duarte, and Cesar Traldi. 2018b. “XyLoops: Para Xilofone e Eletrônica em Tempo Real (Live Looping).” Revista Vórtex 6 (2): 1–22. doi: 10.33871/23179937.2018.6.2.2623.

Mendes, Helvio, and Samuel. P. Vieira. 2024. “Quasitude: The Processes and Methods of the Composition Work for Xylophone and Live Looping.” In Live Looping in Musical Performance: Lusophone Experiences in Dialogue, edited by Alexsander Duarte and Susana Sardo, 78–89. Abingdon: Routledge.

MichaelShingoComposer. “Music for Xylophone Solo | Partial Boogie Woogie | Michael Shingo Crawford.” YouTube video, 4:35, December 3, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxJeDpeHlcg

Moersch, William. 2016. “Marimba Revolution: Mallet Instruments, Repertoire, and Technique in the Twenty-First Century.” In The Cambridge Companion to Percussion, edited by Russell Hartenberger, 43–54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781316145074.004.

Ohenoja, Antti. 2022. “From Petrushka to Les Noces: A musical journey composing original xylophone compositions influenced by Igor Stravinsky, with an examination on practice as a process.” Doctoral thesis, Sibelius Academy of the University of the Arts Helsinki.

https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-329-273-4

Olencki, Weston. "for xylophone [2018].” YouTube video, 12:13, September 3, 2019. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhtOB7DRDx4

Percussive Arts Society. 2023. “PASIC: event program.”

http://pas.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PASIC-2023-Program.pdf

Pfeiffer, Gregory. “The Nine Members of the Asian dawn.” SoundCloud audio, 2:26, October 8, 2015. http://soundcloud.com/greg-pfeiffer/the-nine-members-of-the-asian-dawn

Pitfield, Thomas. 1967. Sonata [Score for xylophone], edited by Yoichi Hiraoka. New York, NY: Peters.

Pocket Publications. “Los Turistas, by Shaun Tilburg (Jonathan Biessi performing).” YouTube video, 4:43, Januaty 6, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMr-7UUZgSA

Rato, Madalena, and Luis F. Amaya. 2025. un breve alarido [Score for one keyboard percussion instrument and two percussionists]. The composers.

Redshift Music Society. “Five diversions for xylophone by Arsenio Giron; Juian Chien, xylophone.” YouTube video, 8:54, April 17, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=InMd5GChNoM

Rossing, Thomas (Ed.). 2007. Springer Handbook of Acoustics. New York, NY: Springer

Rhythmscape Publishing. “Flash for Solo Xylophone.” YouTube video, 4:55, November 26, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxXXO7EBpCQ

Schutz, Michael, David Huron, Kristopher Keeton and Greg Loewer. 2008. “The Happy Xylophone: Acoustic Affordances Restrict an Emotional Palate.” Empirical Musicology Review 3 (3): 126–135. doi: 10.18061/1811/34103.

Solomon, Samuel Z. (Org.), Nancy Zeltsman, W. Lee Vinson, and Keith Aleo (Eds.). 2010. The MassChap 2010 Xylophone Collection. New York, NY: Bachovich Publications.

Solomon, Samuel Z. 2002. How to Write for Percussion: A Comprehensive Guide to Percussion Composition. New York, NY: Samuel Z. Solomon. https://archive.org/details/howtowriteforper0000solo

Solomon, Samuel Z. 2016. How to Write for Percussion: A Comprehensive Guide to Percussion Composition. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sommerfeldt, Øistein. n.d. Musikk for en Slagverker, Movement III [Score for solo xylophone, composed 1971]. Norsk Musikforlag.

Soto, Michel. 2019. Malware II. [Score for xylophone]. The composer.

Stasi, Carlos. 1987. Mapselpha 4r [Score for xylophone]. The composer.

Stokes, Samuel. n.d. “2014 xylophone composition call.” http://www.samuelstokesmusic.com/xylophone.html

Taylor, Alan. 2016. “‘Collaboration’ in Contemporary Music: A Theoretical View.” Contemporary Music Review 35 (6): 562–578. doi: 10.1080/07494467.2016.1288316.

Torrence, Jennifer. 2018. “Rethinking the Performer: Towards a Devising Performance Practice.” VIS – Nordic Journal for Artistic Research, 0, doi: 10.22501/vis.391025.

Torres, Rita. 2020. “The Presence of a Mysterious Black Silhouette: From a Print to a New Form of Usage of Guitar Multiphonics.” Leonardo Music Journal 30: 73–78. doi: 10.1162/lmj_a_01083.

Torres, Rita. 2023. Fontes de inspiração em composição musical: 16 relatos retrospectivos. Zenodo. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7754383.

Torres, Rita. 2025. CS/uLh. Zenodo. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.17117732

Torres, Rita L. 2015. “A New Chemistry of Sound: The Technique of Multiphonics as a Compositional Element for Guitar and Amplified Guitar.” Doctoral thesis, Universidade Católica Portuguesa. http://hdl.shaft.net/10400.14/21230

Torres, Rita, and Helvio Mendes. 2024. “(Não) convencional: Desafios, influências, intercâmbios e exploração tímbrica na criação de uma peça para xilofone solo.” Anais do IV Congresso Brasileiro de Percussão. https://ria.ua.pt/handle/10773/43846

Torres, Rita, and Paulo Ferreira-Lopes. 2018. “The Sound World of Guitar Multiphonics.” In Music and Sonic art: Theories and Practices, edited by Mine Doğantan-Dack and John Dack, 78–94. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. http://ritatorres.eu/05-MuSA-Chapter5-Torres-Lopes.pdf

Tortiller, Franck. 2002. El-Fishawi [Score for xylophone and traditional percussion ad lib.]. Alfonce Production.

Traldi, César. 2015. Kunai [Score for xylophone]. The composer.

Traldi, César. 2020. Ressonâncias #5 [Score for xylophone and tape]. The composer.

Victorio, Roberto. 2009. Tetragrammaton X [Score for xylophone]. The composer.

Vieira, Samuel P. 2021. Quasitude [Score for xylofone and live looping]. The composer.

Walker, James. 2001. “Tone production on mallet instruments.” http://www.malletjazz.com/lessons/tone_les.html

西方古典音乐Lu. “Jean François de Guise - arrangement for xylophone.” YouTube video, 2:25, April 2, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRFTM6Srcuo

西方古典音乐Lu. “Jean François de Guise - Four Bagatelles for Xylophone alone.” YouTube video, 2:35, June 22, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csMvXyIXblI

西方古典音乐Lu,” Jean François de Guise - Attempt for xylophone solo.” YouTube video, 3:52, June 7, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BkXHVbno-w

Published

2025-10-12

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

“Unconventional Sound Production on the Xylophone: Outcomes of an Artistic Research Collaboration”. 2025. Per Musi 26 (October): 01-22. https://doi.org/10.35699/a8q81s80.