Artificial Intelligence in translation studies: a cross-sectional survey of Jordanian academics’ knowledge, attitudes and practices

Dana Mahadin; Sameer Naser  Olimat; Zakaryia Almahasees

doi:10.1590/1983-3652.2025.57583

Autores/as

Dana Mahadin Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt Faculty of Human Sciences, English Language Department, Salt, Jordan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1488-0515
Sameer Naser Olimat The Hashemite University, Faculty of Arts, Department of English Language and Literature, Zarqa, Jordan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2767-6751
Zakaryia Almahasees Applied Science Private University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of English Language and Translation, Amman, Jordan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4035-7165

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-3652.2025.57583

Palabras clave:

Translation studies, Translation training, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge, attitudes and practices, Jordanian higher education institutions

Resumen

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing translation teaching, training, and practices, yet its adoption amongst the translation studies community remains under-researched. The current study investigates Jordanian translation academics’ knowledge, attitudes and AI practices in teaching and academic research. The study employs a 5-likert scale questionnaire to explore translation academics’ awareness and attitudes about AI, their use of AI in research practices and their perception of AI use in the classroom. The study findings suggest that despite academics’ awareness of AI and its applications, they are reluctant to use it in their research practices. Furthermore, academics are hesitant to use AI in the translation classroom and more research is required to explore the underlying reasons behind this hesitation. The study recommends further research to understand the impact of AI adoption on teaching and learning, AI implications for academics and students’ training needs, and the role of higher education institutions in addressing AI within academic environments.

Descargas

Los datos de descarga aún no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Dana Mahadin, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt Faculty of Human Sciences, English Language Department, Salt, Jordan

Dr. Dana Mahadin is an Associate Professor of Translation Studies in the Department of English Language at Al-Balqa Applied University (BAU), Jordan. She earned her PhD from the University of Leicester and currently serves as BAU’s Director of International Relations. Her research interests include artificial intelligence in Translation Studies, audiovisual translation, translator training, the translation profession, and sustainability. Her work has been published in leading journals such as The Translator, Translation and Interpreting, and New Voices in Translation Studies. Dr. Mahadin has also contributed extensively to translation curriculum design and played a key role in establishing BAU’s new Bachelor’s program in Applied Translation.
Sameer Naser Olimat, The Hashemite University, Faculty of Arts, Department of English Language and Literature, Zarqa, Jordan

Dr. Sameer Naser Olimat

Sameer Naser Olimat is an assistant professor of Translation and Linguistics at the Department of English Language and Literature, The Hashemite University, Jordan. He received his PhD in Translation Studies and Computational Linguistics from the University of Leeds, UK, in 2019. His research interests are machine translation, crisis translation, audiovisual translation, and corpus-based linguistics. He published in peer-reviewed, indexed, specialized, international journals, including Training, Language & Culture ; Ampersand ; Jordan Journal of Modern Languages & Literatures ; Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics ; Languages ; The Translator ; Translating and Interpreting ; New Voices in Translation Studies ; GEM ; and 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature .
Zakaryia Almahasees, Applied Science Private University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of English Language and Translation, Amman, Jordan

Dr. Zakaryia Almahasees is an Associate Professor of Translation in the Department of English Language and Translation at Applied Science Private University, Jordan. Dr. Almahasees research interests include Translation Theories, Translation Evaluation, Comparative Translation, Interpreting and AVT studies.

Referencias

ABU-RAYYASH, Hussein. AI meets comedy: Viewers’ reactions to GPT-4 generated humor translation. Ampersand, v. 12, p. 100162, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.amper.2023.100162. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2023.100162.

ALI, Faizan. Let the devil speak for itself: Should ChatGPT be allowed or banned in hospitality and tourism schools? Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism, v. 2, n. 1, p. 1–6, 2023. DOI: 10.5038/2771-5957.2.1.1016. Available from: https://www.doi.org/10.5038/2771-5957.2.1.1016.

BAIDOO-ANU, David; OWUSU, Ansah Leticia. Education in the era of generative artificial intelligence (AI): Understanding the potential benefits of ChatGPT in promoting teaching and learning. Journal of AI, v. 7, n. 1, p. 52–62, 2023. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4337484. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4337484.

BOLAÑOS-GARCÍA-ESCRIBANO, Alejandro; DÍAZ-CINTAS, Jorge; MASSIDDA, Serenella. Latest advancements in Audiovisual translation education. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, v. 15, n. 1, p. 1–12, 2021. DOI: 10.1080/1750399x.2021.1880308. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2021.1880308.

CELIK, Ismail; DINDAR, Muhterem; MUUKKONEN, Hani; JARVELA, Sanna. The promises and challenges of artificial intelligence for teachers: A systematic review of research. TechTrends, v. 66, n. 4, p. 616–630, 2022. DOI: 10.1007/s11528-022-00715-y. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00715-y.

CHAN, Cecilia Ka Yuk; HU, Wenjie. Students’ voices on generative AI: Perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, v. 20, n. 43, 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s41239-023-00411-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00411-8.

CHOI, Seongyune; JANG, Yeonju; KIM, Hyeoncheol. Influence of pedagogical beliefs and perceived trust on teachers’ acceptance of educational artificial intelligence tools. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, v. 39, n. 4, p. 910–922, 2023. DOI: 10.1080/10447318.2022.2049145. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2049145.

COTTON, Debby R.E.; COTTON, Peter A.; SHIPWAY, Reuben J. Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, v. 61, n. 2, p. 228–239, 2023. DOI: 10.1080/14703297.2023.2190148. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2023.2190148.

DAY, Terence. A preliminary investigation of fake peer-reviewed citations and references generated by ChatGPT. The Professional Geographer, v. 75, n. 6, p. 1024–1027, 2023. DOI: 10.1080/00330124.2023.2190373. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2023.2190373.

DOHERTY, Stephen; KENNY, Dorothy. The design and evaluation of a statistical machine translationsyllabus for translation students. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, v. 8, n. 2, p. 295–315, 2014. DOI: 10.1080/1750399x.2014.937571. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2014.937571.

DWIVEDI, Yogesh K.; KSHETRI, Nir; HUGHES, Laurie; SLADE, Emma Louise; JEYARAJ, Anand; KAR, Arpan Kumar; BAABDULLAH, Abdullah M.; KOOHANG, Alex; RAGHAVAN, Vishnupriya; AHUJA, Manju; ALBANNA, Hanaa; ALBASHRAWI, Mousa Ahmad; AL-BUSAIDI, Adil S.; BALAKRISHNAN, Janarthanan; BARLETTE, Yves; BASU, Sriparna; BOSE, Indranil; BROOKS, Laurence; BUHALIS, Dimitrios; CARTER, Lemuria; CHOWDHURY, Soumyadeb; CRICK, Tom; CUNNINGHAM, Scott W.; DAVIES, Gareth H.; DAVISON, Robert M.; DÉ, Rahul; DENNEHY, Denis; DUAN, Yanqing; DUBEY, Rameshwar; DWIVEDI, Rohita; EDWARDS, John S.; FLAVIÁN, Carlos; GAULD, Robin; GROVER, Varun; HU, Mei-Chih; JANSSEN, Marijn; JONES, Paul; JUNGLAS, Iris; KHORANA, Sangeeta; KRAUS, Sascha; LARSEN, Kai R.; LATREILLE, Paul; LAUMER, Sven; MALIK, F. Tegwen; MARDANI, Abbas; MARIANI, Marcello; MITHAS, Sunil; MOGAJI, Emmanuel; NORD, Jeretta Horn; O’CONNOR, Siobhan; OKUMUS, Fevzi; PAGANI, Margherita; PANDEY, Neeraj; PAPAGIANNIDIS, Savvas; PAPPAS, Ilias O.; PATHAK, Nishith; PRIES-HEJE, Jan; RAMAN, Ramakrishnan; RANA, Nripendra P.; REHM, Sven-Volker; RIBEIRO-NAVARRETE, Samuel; RICHTER, Alexander; ROWE, Frantz; SARKER, Suprateek; STAHL, Bernd Carsten; TIWARI, Manoj Kumar; AALST, Wil van der; VENKATESH, Viswanath; VIGLIA, Giampaolo; WADE, Michael; WALTON, Paul; WIRTZ, Jochen; WRIGHT, Ryan. So what if ChatGPT wrote it? Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research. International Journal of Information Management, v. 71, n. 1, 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642.

ELSEVIER. Generative AI policies for journals. [S. l.: s. n.], 2023. https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies-and-standards/generative-ai-policies-for-journals. Accessed on: 29 November 2024.

EMT. European Master’s in Translation Competence Framework. [S. l.: s. n.], 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/emt_competence_fwk_2017_en_web.pdf. Accessed: 2024-11-01.

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. EU AI Act: First regulation on artificial intelligence. [S. l.: s. n.], 2023. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence. Accessed on: 1 December 2024.

EUROPEAN UNION. European Master’s in Translation (EMT) Competence Framework. [S. l.: s. n.], 2022. https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2022-11/emt_competence_fwk_2022_en.pdf. Accessed on: 1 November 2024.

FARRELL, Michael. Survey on the use of generative artificial intelligence by professional translators. In: PROCEEDINGS of 46th Conference Translating and the Computer. Luxembourg: [s. n.], Nov. 2024. November 18–20, 2024.

FLÓREZ, Silvia; AMPARO, Alcina. Free/open-source software for the translation classroom. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, v. 5, n. 2, p. 325–357, 2011. DOI: 10.1080/13556509.2011.10798824. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2011.10798824.

FLORIDI, Luciano; CHIRIATTI, Massimo. GPT-3: Its nature, scope, limits, and consequences. Minds and Machines, v. 30, n. 4, p. 681–694, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s11023-020-09548-1. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09548-1.

GAO, Yuan; WANG, Ruil; HOU, Feng. Unleashing the power of ChatGPT for translation: An empirical study. [S. l.: s. n.], 2023. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.02182v1/1000. Accessed on: 4 December 2024.

GASPARI, Federico; ALMAGHOUT, Hala; DOHERTY, Stephen. A survey of machine translation competences: Insights for translation technology educators and practitioners. Perspectives, v. 23, n. 3, p. 333–358, 2015. DOI: 10.1080/0907676x.2014.979842. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2014.979842.

GENTILE, Manuel; CITTA, Giuseppe; PERNA, Salvatore; ALLEGRA, Mario. Do we still need teachers? Navigating the paradigm shift of the teacher’s role in the AI era. Frontiers in Education, n. 8, 2023. DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2023.1161777. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1161777.

GEORGE, A. Shaji; GEORGE, A. S. A review of ChatGPT AI’s impact on several business sectors. Partners Universal International Innovation Journal, v. 1, n. 1, p. 9–23, 2023.

HENDY, Amr; ABDELREHIN, Mohamed; SHARAF, Amr; RAUNAK, Vika; GABR, Mohamed; MATSUSHITA, Hitokaz; KIM, Young Jin; AFIFIY, Mohamed; AWADALLA, Hany Hasan. How good are GPT models at machine translation? A comprehensive evaluation. [S. l.: s. n.], 2023. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210. Accessed on: 10 November 2024.

HONG, Wilson; HIN, Cheong. The impact of ChatGPT on foreign language teaching and learning: Opportunities in education and research. Journal of Educational Technology and Innovation, v. 5, n. 1, 2023. DOI: 10.61414/jeti.v5i1.103. Available from: https://doi.org/10.61414/jeti.v5i1.103.

KAPLAN-RAKOWSKI, Regina; GROTEWOLD, Kimberly; HARTWICK, Peggy; PAPIN, Kevin. Generative AI and teachers’ perspectives on its implementation in education. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, v. 34, n. 2, p. 313–338, 2023.

KASNECI, Enkelejda; SESSLER, Kathrin; KÜCHEMANN, Stefan; BANNERT, Maria; DEMENTIEVA, Daryna; FISCHER, Frank; GASSER, Urs; GROH, Georg; GÜNNEMANN, Stephan; HÜLLERMEIER, Eyke; KRUSCHE, Stephan; KUTYNIOK, Gitta; MICHAELI, Tilman; NERDEL, Claudia; PFEFFER, Jürgen; POQUET, Oleksandra; SAILER, Michael; SCHMIDT, Albrecht; SEIDEL, Tina; STADLER, Matthias; WELLER, Jochen; KUHN, Jochen; KASNECI, Gjergji. ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and Individual Differences, v. 103, p. 1–14, 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274.

KITAMURA, Felipe C. ChatGPT is shaping the future of medical writing but still requires human judgment. Radiology, v. 307, n. 2, e230171, 2023. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.230171. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.230171.

KOCMI, Tom; BAWDEN, Rachel; BOJAR, Ondřej; DVORKOVICH, Anton; FEDERMANN, Christian; FISHEL, Mark; GOWDA, Thamme; GRAHAM, Yvette; GRUNDKIEWICZ, Roman; HADDOW, Barry; KNOWLES, Rebecca; KOEHN, Philipp; MONZ, Christof; MORISHITA, Makoto; NAGATA, Masaaki; NAKAZAWA, Toshiaki; NOVAK, Michal; POPEL, Martin; POPOVIĆ, Maja. Findings of the 2022 conference on machine translation (WMT22). In: PROCEEDINGS of the Seventh Conference on Machine Translation (WMT22). Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Hybrid): [s. n.], 2022. p. 1–45.

KRAMM, Neil; MCKENNA, Sioux. AI amplifies the tough question: What is higher education really for? Teaching in Higher Education, v. 28, n. 8, p. 2173–2178, 2023. DOI: 10.1080/13562517.2023.2263839. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2023.2263839.

LO, Chung Kwan. What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences, v. 13, n. 4, p. 410, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/educsci13040410. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410.

LU, Qingyu; QIU, Baopu; DING, Liang; ZHANG, Kanjian; KOCMI, Tom; TAO, Dacheng. Error Analysis Prompting Enables Human-like Translation Evaluation in Large Language Models: A Case Study on ChatGPT. [S. l.: s. n.], 2023. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.13809. Accessed on: 20 December 2024.

LUND, Brady D.; WANG, Ting. Chatting about ChatGPT: How may AI and GPT Impact Academia and Libraries? Library Hi Tech News, v. 40, n. 3, p. 26–29, 2023. DOI: 10.1108/lhtn-01-2023-0009. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-01-2023-0009.

MAHADIN, Dana K. Translator training and market demands in Jordan: A qualitative stakeholder study. 2018. PhD thesis – University of Leicester, School of Arts, Leicester, UK. PhD thesis, 377 pages.

MAHADIN, Dana K.; OLIMAT, Sameer Naser. Jordanian translators’ use of machine translation and glossary of COVID-19 terminology with reference to Arabic. New Voices in Translation Studies, v. 26, n. 1, p. 25–54, 2022. DOI: 10.14456/nvts.2022.3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14456/nvts.2022.3.

MAHADIN, Dana K.; OLIMAT, Sameer Naser. In their own words: How has Covid-19 affected Jordanian translators’ wellbeing? The Translator, v. 29, n. 1, p. 489–505, 2023. DOI: 10.1080/13556509.2022.2159284. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2022.2159284.

MCCARTHY, John. What is artificial intelligence? [S. l.: s. n.], 2007. http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai/index.html. Accessed on: 21 April 2024.

MELTWATER. Global Digital Trends 2023. [S. l.: s. n.], 2023. https://www.meltwater.com/en/2023-global-digital-trends. Accessed: 2024-11-05.

MIRBABAIE, Milad; BRÜNKER, Felix; NICHOLAS, R. J.; FRICK, Möllmann; STIEGLITZ, Stefan. The rise of artificial intelligence- Understanding the AI identity threat at the workplace. Electronic Markets, v. 32, p. 73–99, 2022. DOI: 10.1007/s12525-021-00496-x. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-021-00496-x.

MOORKENS, Joss. What to expect from neural machine translation: A practical in-class translation evaluation exercise. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, v. 12, n. 4, p. 375–387, 2018. DOI: 10.1080/1750399x.2018.1501639. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2018.1501639.

O’CONNOR, Siobhan. Open artificial intelligence platforms in nursing education: Tools for academic progress or abuse? Nurse Education in Practice, v. 66, p. 103537, 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103537. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103537.

OWAN, Valentine Joseph; ABANG, Kingsley Bekom; IDIKA, Delight Omoji; ETTA, Eugene Onor; BASSEY, Bassey Asuquo. Exploring the potential of artificial intelligence tools in educational measurement and assessment. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, v. 19, n. 8, 2023. DOI: 10.29333/ejmste/13428. Available from: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/13428.

PENG, Keqin; DING, Liang; ZHONG, Qihuang; SHEN, Li; LIU, Xuebo; ZHANG, Min; OUYANG, Yuanxin; TAO, Dacheng. Towards making the most of ChatGPT for machine translation. [S. l.: s. n.], 2023. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.13780. Accessed on: 20 June 2024.

POPENICI, Stephan A. D.; KERR, Sharon. Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching and learning in higher education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, v. 12, n. 1, p. 1–13, 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s41039-017-0062-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-017-0062-8.

PYM, Anthony. GPT in the training of translators. [S. l.: s. n.], 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9U_FUaneso. Accessed on: 20 June 2024.

RAHMAN, Mohammad; TERANO, Harold Jan; RAHMAN, Mohammad Nfizur; SALAMZADEH, Aidin; RAHAMAN, Mohammad Saidur. ChatGPT and academic research: A review and recommendations based on practical examples. Journal of Education, Management and Development Studies, v. 3, n. 1, p. 1–12, 2023. DOI: 10.52631/jemds.v3i1.175. Available from: https://doi.org/10.52631/jemds.v3i1.175.

RODRÍGUEZ-INÉS, Patricia. Electronic corpora and other information and communication technology tools. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, v. 4, n. 2, p. 251–282, 2010.

RUDOLPH, Jurgen; TAN, Samson; TAN, Shannon. ChatGPT: Bullshit spewer or the end of traditional assessments in higher education? Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, v. 6, n. 1, p. 1–22, 2023.

SAHARI, Yousef; AL-KADI, Abdu M. Talib; ALI, Jama Kaid Mohammed. A cross sectional study of ChatGPT in translation: Magnitude of use, attitudes, and uncertainties. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, v. 52, n. 6, p. 2937–2954, 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s10936-023-10031-y. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-023-10031-y.

SAHARI, Yousef; QASEM, Fawaz; ASIRI, Eisa; ALASMRI, Ibrahim; ASSIRI, Ahmad; MAHDI, Hassan. Evaluating the translation of figurative language: A comparative study of ChatGPT and human translators. [S. l.: s. n.], 2024. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3921149/v1. Accessed on: 10 October 2024.

SÁNCHEZ-CASTANY, Roser. Teaching translation technologies: An analysis of a corpus of syllabi for translation and interpreting undergraduate degrees in Spain. In: MASSEY, Gary; HUERTAS-BARROS, Elsa; KATAN, David (eds.). The Human Translator in the 2020s. London: Routledge, 2022. p. 27–43.

SHI, Yining; XU, Han; KWOK, Ho Ling; LIU, Kanglong. ChatGPT in professional translation: A double-edged sword—insights from Chinese translators on capabilities, concerns, and future prospects. In: SUN, Sanjun; LIU, Kanglong; MORATTO, Riccardo (eds.). Translation and Interpreting in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. London/New York: Routledge, 2025.

SMOLANSKY, Adele; CRAM, Andrew; RADUESCU, Corina; ZEIVOTS, Sandris; HUBER, Elaine; KIZILCEC, Rene F. Educator and student perspectives on the impact of generative AI on assessments in higher education. In: PROCEEDINGS of the Tenth ACM Conference on Learning at Scale. [S. l.: s. n.], 2023. DOI: 10.1145/3573051.3596191.

STOKEL-WALKER, Chris. AI bot ChatGPT writes smart essays - Should professors worry? Nature, 2022. Accessed on: 5 May 2024. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-04397-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-04397-7.

TAO, Youlan; WANG, Huashu. Introduction to the special issue Translation technology teaching: views and visions. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, v. 16, n. 3, p. 271–274, 2022. DOI: 10.1080/1750399x.2022.2101851. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2022.2101851.

TAYLOR & FRANCIS. Taylor & Francis Clarifies the Responsible use of AI Tools in Academic Content Creation. [S. l.: s. n.], 2023. https://newsroom.taylorandfrancisgroup.com/taylor-francis-clarifies-the-responsible-use-of-ai-tools-in-academic-content-creation/. Accessed on: 1 July 2024.

UNESCO. ChatGPT and artificial intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide. [S. l.: s. n.], 2023. https://www.iesalc.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ChatGPT-and-Artificial-Intelligence-in-higher-education-Quick-Start-guide_EN_FINAL.pdf. Accessed on: 15 December 2024.

VIEIRA, Lucas Nunes; ZHANG, Xiaochun; YU, Guoxing. ‘Click next’: On the merits of more student autonomy and less direct instruction in CAT teaching. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, v. 15, n. 4, p. 411–429, 2021. DOI: 10.1080/1750399x.2021.1891515. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2021.1891515.

WANG, Longyue; LYU, Chenyang; JI, Tianbo; ZHANG, Zhirui; YU, Dian; SHI, Shumming; TU, Zhaopeng. Document-level machine translation with large language models. [S. l.: s. n.], 2023. preprint, arXiv:2304.02210. Accessed on: 15 December 2024. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.02210.

WANG, Youmei; LIU, Chenchen; TU, Yun-Fang. Factors affecting the adoption of AI-based applications in higher education: An analysis of teachers’ perspectives using structural equation modeling. Educational Technology & Society, v. 24, n. 3, p. 116–129, 2021. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27032860.

XU, Simin; SUN, Yifeng; SU, Yanfang; LIU, Kanglong. Translation Pedagogy in the AI Era: Design and Application of a ChatGPT-Powered Platform for Training and Feedback. In: SUN, Sanjun; LIU, Kanglong; MORATTO, Riccardo (eds.). Translation and Interpreting in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. London/New York: Routledge, 2025.