Far beyond the pitch

football, nationalism and social media

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35699/1983-3652.2021.29714

Keywords:

Media, Football, Fans, Social media, Facebook

Abstract

This paper analyzes how fans of the national teams of Portugal, Spain, Morocco and Iran, the so-called Group B of the 2018 World Cup, got involved with their respective official Facebook pages and how the fanpages related to stakeholders. The strategy adopted is based on a quantitative approach to the data flows produced, between April 1, 2017 and May 3, 2018, by fanpages and their users. The sample consists of 3,068 posts and close to 11 million interactions on the network. Results reveal that offline social contexts potentiate opportunities and barriers for involvement, in a logic in which football goes far beyond the pitch. Data shows that the network of these pages is basically formed by institutions, and only a human actor is part of the TOP 10 of influencers.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

AHN, Taesoo; HONG, Moonki; PEDERSEN, Paul M. Effects of perceived interactivity and web organization on user attitudes. European Sport Management Quarterly, v. 14, n. 2, p. 111–128, mar. 2014. DOI: 10.1080/16184742.2014.880496. Disponível em: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16184742.2014.880496. Acesso em: 7 mai. 2021.

AIMC. 21º Navegantes en la red. 2019. Publisher: Asociación para la Investigación de Medios de Comunicación. Disponível em: https://www.aimc.es/otros-estudios-trabajos/navegantes-la-red/. Acesso em: 28 jul. 2021.

ALAMI, Aida. The Soccer Politics of Morocco. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/12/20/the-soccer-politics-of-morocco/. Acesso em: 7 mai. 2021.

BARABÁSI, Albert-László. Network science. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2016.

EL-CAÏD, Samir B. La Coupe du Monde de football au secours du Maroc. Confluences Méditerranée, v. 3, n. 50, p. 75, 2006. DOI: 10.3917/come.050.0075. Disponível em: http://www.cairn.info/revue-confluences-mediterranee-2004-3-page-75.htm?ref=doi. Acesso em: 3 mai. 2021.

CAMPOS-DOMÍNGUEZ, Eva; CALVO, Dafne. Electoral campaign on the Internet: Planning, impact and viralization on Twitter during the Spanish general election, 2015. Comunicación y Sociedad, n. 29, p. 93–116, abr. 2017. DOI: 10.32870/cys.v0i29.6423. Disponível em: http://www.comunicacionysociedad.cucsh.udg.mx/index.php/comsoc/article/view/6423. Acesso em: 7 mai. 2021.

CARDOSO, Gustavo. The media in the network society: browsing, news, filters and citizenship. Lisboa: CIES, Centre for Research e Studies in Sociology, 2006.

CASTELLS, Manuel. A sociedade em rede: A era da informação. Economia, sociedade e cultura. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2007.

CASTELLS, Manuel. Communication power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

CATO INSTITUTE. The Human Freedom Index 2020. Washington, DC: Cato Institute/Fraser Institute, 2020. Disponível em: http://www.deslibris.ca/ID/10105748. Acesso em: 02 ago. 2021.

CHADWICK, Simon. Connecting with the Passion of Fans. Research World, v. 2014, n. 44, p. 4–5, jan. 2014. DOI: 10.1002/rwm3.20058. Disponível em: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rwm3.20058. Acesso em: 28 jul. 2021.

CHEHABI, H. E. A political history of football in Iran. Iranian Studies, v. 35, n. 4, p. 371–402, set. 2002. DOI: 10.1080/00210860208702025. Disponível em: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00210860208702025. Acesso em: 28 jul. 2021.

CLARK, Jan Guynes; LAI, Vincent S. Internet comes to Morocco. Communications of the ACM, v. 41, n. 2, p. 21–23, fev. 1998. DOI: 10.1145/269012.269016. Disponível em: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/269012.269016. Acesso em: 28 jul. 2021.

CLAUSSEN, Detlev. On Stupidity in Football. Soccer & Society, v. 8, n. 4, p. 654–662, out. 2007. DOI: 10.1080/14660970701441061. Disponível em: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14660970701441061. Acesso em: 13 mai. 2021.

CLAVIO, Galen; KIAN, Ted M. Uses and Gratifications of a Retired Female Athlete’s Twitter Followers. International Journal of Sport Communication, v. 3, n. 4, p. 485–500, dez. 2010. DOI: 10.1123/ijsc.3.4.485. Disponível em: https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijsc/3/4/article-p485.xml. Acesso em: 10 mai. 2021.

CONSTANT, Samantha. Broadband in Morocco: Political will meets socio-economic reality. Washington: infoDev, 2011.

DI FÁTIMA, B. Dias de Tormenta. São Paulo: Geração Editorial, 2019.

DOMINGOS, Nuno. Futebol e colonialismo, dominação e apropriação: Sobre o caso moçambicano. Análise Social, v. 41, n. 179, p. 397–416, 2006.

DORSEY, James M. The turbulent world of Middle East soccer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.

DOUSTI, M. et al. Sport policy in Iran. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, v. 5, n. 1, p. 151–158, mar. 2013. DOI: 10.1080/19406940.2013.766808. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19406940.2013.766808. Acesso em: 8 mai. 2021.

FIFA. Men’s Ranking, abr. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/origin1904-p.cxm.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men. Acesso em: 10 mai. 2021.

FOZOONI, Babak. Religion, politics and class: conflict and contestation in the development of football in Iran. Soccer & Society, v. 5, n. 3, p. 356–370, jan. 2004. DOI: 10.1080/1466097042000279607. Disponível em: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1466097042000279607. Acesso em: 7 mai. 2021.

FREDERICK, Evan L.; STOCZ, Mike; PEGORARO, Ann. Prayers, punishment, and perception: an analysis of the response to the Tony Stewart – Kevin Ward Jr. incident on Facebook. Sport in Society, v. 19, n. 10, p. 1460–1477, nov. 2016. DOI: 10.1080/17430437.2015.1133598. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17430437.2015.1133598. Acesso em: 7 mai. 2021.

GIDDENS, Anthony. Modernidade e identidade pessoal. Oeiras: Celta Editora, 1999.

GIULIANOTTI, Richard. Sport: A critical sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015.

GOUVEIA, Célia; TAVARES, Ana; DAVID, Alexandra. Futebol e religião: A devoção dos adeptos portugueses. Revista Observatorio del Deporte, v. 5, n. 1, p. 37–59, 2019.

GRUNEAU, Richard; COMPTON, James. From Durkheim to Marx. In: WENNER, L.; BILLINGS, A. C. (Ed.). Media events, mega-events and social theory. Londres: Routledge, 2017.

HAMBRICK, Marion E. Six Degrees of Information: Using Social Network Analysis to Explore the Spread of Information Within Sport Social Networks. International Journal of Sport Communication, v. 5, n. 1, p. 16–34, mar. 2012. DOI: 10.1123/ijsc.5.1.16. Disponível em: https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijsc/5/1/article-p16.xml. Acesso em: 10 mai. 2021.

HAUGH, Betsy R.; WATKINS, Brandi. Tag Me, Tweet Me if You Want to Reach Me: An Investigation Into How Sports Fans Use Social Media. International Journal of Sport Communication, v. 9, n. 3, p. 278–293, set. 2016. DOI: 10.1123/ijsc.2016-0044. Disponível em: https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijsc/9/3/article-p278.xml. Acesso em: 7 mai. 2021.

HOBSBAWM, Eric. Era dos extremos: o breve século XX, 1914-1991. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2003.

HOBSBAWM, Eric. Introduction: Inventing traditions. In: HOBSBAWM, E.; RANGER, T. (Ed.). The invention of tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 1–14.

INTERNET WORLD STATS. Internet users in the European Union (EU) – 2019. [S.l.: s.n.], 2019b. Disponível em: https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats9.htm. Acesso em: 6 mai. 2021.

INTERNET WORLD STATS. Internet users’ statistics for Africa: Population stats and Facebook subscribers, 2019a. Disponível em: https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm. Acesso em: 6 mai. 2021.

INTERNET WORLD STATS. Iran: Internet usage, broadband and telecommunications reports, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.internetworldstats.com/middle.htm. Acesso em: 6 mai. 2021.

JARVIE, Grant. Sport, culture and society: an introduction. London: Routledge, 2006.

JENKINS, Heledd; JAMES, Laura. It’s not just a game: Community work in the UK football industry and approaches to corporate social responsibility. Cardiff: The Centre for Business Relationships, Accountability, Austainability e Society, 2012.

KAMRAVA, Mehran. Politics and society in the developing world. Londres: Routledge, 2012.

LAPA, Tiago; DI FÁTIMA, Branco. Novos media e gerações. Pensar as veredas da literacia. In: ESPANHA, R.; LAPA, T. (Ed.). Literacia dos novos media. Lisboa: Mundos Sociais, 2019. p. 125–141.

LEEN, Robert et al. Identifying Lead Users for User-Centered Design (UCD) in Sports Product Development. Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association, v. 2, n. 6, p. 1–6, fev. 2018. DOI: 10.3390/proceedings2060276. Disponível em: http://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/2/6/276. Acesso em: 7 mai. 2021.

LLOPIS GOIG, Ramón. Un análisis referido a la sociedad española. Anduli, n. 6, p. 115–132, 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/anduli.

MACEDO, Lurdes; MARTINS, Moisés de Lemos; MACEDO, Isabel Moreira. Por mares nunca dantes navegados: Contributos para uma cartografia do ciberespaço lusófono. In: MARTINS, M. L.; CABECINHAS, R.; MACEDO, L. (Ed.). Anuário Internacional de Comunicação Lusófona 2010: Lusofonia e sociedade em rede. Coimbra: Grácio Editor, 2011. p. 11–39.

MAGALHÃES, Pedro. Redes sociais e participação eleitoral em Portugal. Análise Social, v. 43, n. 188, p. 473–504, 2008. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41012649. Acesso em: 28 jul. 2021.

MAGUIRE, Joseph. Globalisation, Sport And National Identities: “The Empires Strike Back”? Society and Leisure, v. 16, n. 2, p. 293–321, jan. 1993. DOI: 10.1080/07053436.1993.10715455. Disponível em: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07053436.1993.10715455. Acesso em: 8 mai. 2021.

MARIVOET, Salomé. Euro 2004: Um evento global em Portugal. Lisboa: Livro Horizonte, 2006.

MILLER, Toby; LAWRENCE, Geoffrey; MCKAY, Jim. Globalization and sport: playing the world. Londres: Sage, 2001.

NEWMAN, Timothy; PECK, Jason; WILHIDE, Brendan. Social media in sport marketing. London: Routledge, 2017.

NOVAK, Petra K. et al. Sentiment of Emojis. Edição: Matjaz Perc. PLOS ONE, v. 10, n. 12, e0144296, dez. 2015. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144296. Disponível em: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144296. Acesso em: 5 mai. 2021.

PALMA, Nuno et al. André Ventura: a criação da celebridade mediática – MediaLab Iscte, 2021. Disponível em: https://medialab.iscte-iul.pt/andre-ventura-a-criacao-da-celebridade-mediatica/. Acesso em: 13 mai. 2021.

PINHEIRO, Francisco; COELHO, João N. A paixão do povo: História do futebol em Portugal. Porto: Afrontamento, 2002.

POBLET, Marta. Distributed, privacy-enhancing technologies in the 2017 Catalan referendum on independence: New tactics and models of participatory democracy. First Monday, v. 23, n. 12, dez. 2018. DOI: 10.5210/fm.v23i12.9402. Disponível em: https://www.firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/9402. Acesso em: 5 mai. 2021.

QUIROGA, Alejandro. Football and national identities in Spain: the strange death of Don Quixote. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

RAAIJ, W. Fred Van. Globalisation of marketing communication? Journal of Economic Psychology, v. 18, n. 2-3, p. 259–270, abr. 1997. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00007-X. Disponível em: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016748709700007X. Acesso em: 5 mai. 2021.

RAHIMI, Babak. Facebook Iran The Carnivalesque Politics of Online Social Networking. Sociologica, n. 3, p. 1–17, 2011. DOI: 10.2383/36424. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2383/36424. Acesso em: 5 mai. 2021.

REPÓRTERES SEM FRONTEIRAS. World Press Freedom Index: Data of press freedom ranking 2019, 2019. Disponível em: https://rsf.org/en/ranking_table. Acesso em: 5 mai. 2021.

RIEDER, Bernhard. Facebook’s app review and how independent research just got a lot harder, 2019. Disponível em: http://thepoliticsofsystems.net/2018/08/facebooks-app-review-and-how-independent-research-just-got-a-lot-harder/. Acesso em: 10 mai. 2021.

RIEDER, Bernhard. Studying Facebook via data extraction: the Netvizz application. In: PROCEEDINGS of the 5th Annual ACM Web Science Conference on - WebSci ’13. Paris, France: ACM Press, 2013. v. 1, p. 346–355. DOI: 10.1145/2464464.2464475. Disponível em: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2464464.2464475. Acesso em: 5 mai. 2021.

ROCHE, Maurice. Mega-events and modernity: olympics and expos in the growth of global culture. Londres: Routledge, 2000.

ROWE, David. Sport and the Repudiation of the Global. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, v. 38, n. 3, p. 281–294, set. 2003. DOI: 10.1177/10126902030383002. Disponível em: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10126902030383002. Acesso em: 5 mai. 2021.

ROWE, David; MCKAY, Jim; MILLER, Toby. Come together: Sport, nationalism and the media. In: WENNER, L. A. (Ed.). Mediasport. Londres: Routledge, 1998. p. 119–133.

SHORAKA, Majid; OMIDI, Mohammad R. The Internet in Iran. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, v. 21, n. 1, p. 28–32, 2002. DOI: 10.1109/44.993598. Disponível em: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/993598/. Acesso em: 5 mai. 2021.

SOUZA, Raphael; MORAIS, Leonardo. Mundo virtual: Portas abertas às redes sociais. Rio de Janeiro: Clube de Autores, 2017.

SREBERNY, Annabelle; KHIABANY, Gholam. Blogistan: the internet and politics in Iran. Londres: I. B. Tauris, 2010. v. 18. (International library of Iranian studies).

TUÑÓN, Jorge; BREY, Elisa. Sports and Politics in Spain – Football and Nationalist Attitudes within the Basque Country and Catalonia. European Journal for Sport and Society, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 7–32, jan. 2012. DOI: 10.1080/16138171.2012.11687887. Disponível em: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16138171.2012.11687887. Acesso em: 3 mai. 2021.

VADIVU, Mangala; NEELAMALAR, Maraimalai. Digital brand management - A study on the factors affecting customers’ engagement in Facebook pages. In: PROCEEDINGS of the International Conference on Smart Technologies and Management for Computing, Communication, Controls, Energy and Materials. [S.l.: s.n.], 2015. p. 71–75.

WAGG, Stephen; CABRAL, Rui. Anjos de todos nós? Os treinadores de futebol, a globalização e as políticas de celebridade. Análise Social, v. 41, n. 179, p. 347–369, 2006.

WENNER, Lawrence A. (Ed.). Media, sports, & society. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications, 1989.

WILLIAMS, Jo; HEISER, Robert; CHINN, Susan J. Social media posters and lurkers: The impact on team identification and game attendance in minor league baseball. Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, v. 13, n. 4, p. 295–310, abr. 2012. DOI: 10.1057/dddmp.2011.44. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/10.1057/dddmp.2011.44. Acesso em: 4 mai. 2021.

ZAID, Bouziane. Internet and democracy in Morocco: A force for change and an instrument for repression. Global Media and Communication, v. 12, n. 1, p. 49–66, abr. 2016. DOI: 10.1177/1742766515626826. Disponível em: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1742766515626826. Acesso em: 8 mai. 2021.

Published

2021-08-02

How to Cite

DI FÁTIMA, B.; GOUVEIA, C.; MIRANDA, S. Far beyond the pitch: football, nationalism and social media. Texto Livre, Belo Horizonte-MG, v. 14, n. 3, p. e29714, 2021. DOI: 10.35699/1983-3652.2021.29714. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/textolivre/article/view/29714. Acesso em: 27 sep. 2024.